<p>The Roosevelt Elementary School is a historic USA school in Tampa, Florida. It is a part of Hillsborough County Public Schools. It is located at 3205 South Ferdinand Avenue and was constructed in 1925. On May 31, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>School history</h2><br>
<p>Roosevelt Elementary was constructed in 1925 and officially opened to students in 1926. The original complex comprised only the main, two-story building and its adjacent wings. The main building included a small cluster of offices, a cafeteria, and the present-day auditorium. There were also 12 classrooms (6 in each wing) within the original campus.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, as the South Tampa area grew, the original wings were expanded, adding six additional classrooms. Later in the 1950s, Obispo Street between Concordia and Ferdinand Avenues was closed to create parking for teachers and faculty. A few years later, an eight-classroom wing was built alongside Obispo St. In 1961, the current cafeteria building was added at the western end of the original wings.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the entire campus was renovated. Among the improvements, the original lower floor of the main building was reconfigured to create offices for school administration. A media center and faculty lounge were also created. Several classrooms were also added, and a computer lab would follow in 1994. The school&#39;s auditorium was dedicated to former US Congressman and Roosevelt alumni Sam Gibbons in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, with the population growth in South Tampa continuing, Roosevelt Elementary began making changes for its future. The 1955 wing was expanded to create four more classrooms and entire campus was updated with new technology to thrust the school into the 21st century. Roosevelt was added to National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the school underwent yet another expansion with an eight classroom building on the southwest corner of the campus, bringing the total number of classrooms to 35. A covered pavilion was also built along Concordia Ave.</p><br>
<p>The Seminole Inn, also known as the Seminole Country Inn, is a Mission Revival style historic hotel located at 15885 Southeast Warfield Boulevard in Indiantown, Florida. It was built by S. Davies Warfield, who was president of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, which developed Indiantown. His niece Wallis Warfield Simpson, later the Duchess of Windsor, was its most famous guest. On May 31, 2006, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Lichgate on High Road is a site in Tallahassee, Florida. It is located at 1401 High Road. On March 31, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lichgate cottage was the home of the late Laura Jepsen, a professor of comparative literature at Florida State University from 1946 to 1978.</p><br>
<p>Jepsen purchased the property on which the cottage now stands in 1955 from a group of individuals representing the Capital City Free Will Baptist Church. This Church was never established but the sale of the property included covenants preventing development for 25 years after the sale.</p><br>
<p>Jepsen drew inspiration for the design of her cottage from many different sources. The primary source was the appearance of the Earl Gresh Wood Parade Museum located in St. Petersburg, FL. Jepsen even refers to the Wood Parade home in her final book called Lichgate on High Road, writing, "It occurred to me that it might not be impossible to move a small house from St. Petersburg, Florida, to a site in Tallahassee...The little house, constructed by the builders of a museum to display woods of various trees in the world, was, like its neighbor, a model of Tudor architecture, with the steep roof cut away over doors and windows to represent the rood of a thatched cottage and with the tall chimney surmounted by a chimney pot."</p><br>
<p>After her death on Christmas Eve, 1995, Lichgate and other properties owned by Jepsen were given to The Nature Conservancy and by August 1997, a small group had come forward to assume care of the property. This group was the Laura Jepsen Institute Inc. which was established by a former student, friends, and acquaintances, inspired by her life&#39;s work. The property is open to the public and small groups. Features include a large live oak tree, a Tudor-style fairy-tale cottage, and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Hastings High School is a historic public high school building in the St. Johns County School District. It is located at 6195 South Main Street in Hastings, Florida, in southwest St. Johns County, Florida. The building no longer operates as a school, and currently serves as a library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of a new school, designed by Fred A. Henderich, began in May 1924. The two-story coquina building had a roof of Spanish tile and included 12 classrooms, laboratories, administrative offices, a cafeteria and an auditorium with seating for 650. Lighting was electric and heat was provided with hot water radiators.</p><br>
<p>The Hastings Branch of the St. Johns County Public Library is located in this building.</p><br>
<p>On June 14, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Derrick Ramsey (born 1956), Kentucky Secretary of Education and Workforce Development and former NFL player who played tight end for nine seasons for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders, New England Patriots and Detroit Lions.</p><br>
<p>The Florida Governors Mansion  is a historic USA residence in Tallahassee, Florida, and the official residence of the governor of Florida. On July 20, 2006, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion, which was designed to resemble Andrew Jackson&#39;s Hermitage, was designed by Marion Sims Wyeth. The building has 30 rooms and 15,000 ft2 of living space on 1.5 acre of land.</p><br>
<h2>Furnishings and antiques</h2><br>
<p>The mansions furnishings are managed by the eight-member Governors Mansion Commission, established by the Florida Department of Management Services. The commission is responsible for cataloging and maintaining a descriptive, photographic inventory of the antique furnishings and articles of furniture, fixtures, and decorative objects used or displayed in the state rooms of the Governor&#39;s Mansion.</p><br>
<h2>Public tours</h2><br>
<p>Half-hour, public tours of the Florida Governors Mansion are available year-round. The guided tours, led by trained volunteers of the Governors Mansion Docent Program, also welcome school groups. The Governor&#39;s Mansion curator coordinates all tour requests.</p><br>
<h2>Entrance park and Florida&#39;s Finest sculpture</h2><br>
<p>The focal point of the park directly across the street from the mansion is the bronze sculpture, Florida&#39;s Finest, which was unveiled in April 1998 by then Governor and Mrs. Lawton Chiles and was dedicated to the children of Florida. The sculpture features five life-size children and a dog playing a game of "Follow the Leader" atop three logs of a nearby fallen tree.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1845 (the year Florida was admitted to the Union) to the beginning of the 20th century, governors of the state usually lived in hotels or boardinghouses. George Saxon, a banker from Tallahassee, donated four lots on which to build the residence. Henry John Klutho designed the home, with a Neoclassical exterior and a 14-room Georgian interior.</p><br>
<p>The 1907 mansion attracted at least one candidate for governor. In the fall of 1915, West Florida Baptists held their annual convention in Tallahassee. Local Baptists agreed to have as guests in their homes the delegates, or messengers as they were called, to the convention. A messenger named Sidney J. Catts, from DeFuniak Springs, was assigned by the convention committee to be the guest of Governor and Mrs. Trammell. Reverend Catts, during dinner the first night there, asked many questions about the mansion and inspected the entire premises, including the attic and stables. At the last meal before leaving, the Reverend Catts asked Governor Trammel, "Governor, how much rent does this place cost you?" Governor Trammel replied, "Reverend, it is provided rent-free by the taxpayers of Florida." A few weeks later, the Reverend Catts announced his candidacy for governor and was elected in 1916. Reverend Catts brought a pig, milk cow, and chickens to the mansion during his tenure as governor.</p><br>
<p>The house served fifteen governors and their families until 1955, when it was determined that a new mansion would need to be built due to a lack of enough space in the house and various structural issues. Many items in the first mansion were auctioned in 1955 to aid in furnishing the new mansion, raising $7,500.</p><br>
<p>Noted Palm Beach architect Marion Sims Wyeth was unanimously chosen by both the Cabinet and the Governors Mansion Advisory Committee to design the new home. Wyeth was told to use Andrew Jacksons home in Tennessee, The Hermitage, as a model for the exterior. However, due to a shortfall in the states budget, the completed home had fewer rooms than originally planned. Including furnishings, the new mansion cost $350,000 and was completed a year later, in 1956. The contributions of this foundation helped to make possible the first addition to the Governors Mansion since 1957, the Florida Sun Room. The foundation was created to solicit private funding for the restoration of the mansion, its furnishings, and its grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the second addition to the mansion was completed, a new 550 ft2 library for Governor Jeb Bush and his wife, Columba Bush. The Cabinet approved the $500,000 expansion in August 2005. The building celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2005, as well as being added to the National Register of Historic Places. The mansion now includes a greenhouse and the Manatee Sculpture Garden, and is next to a private park.</p><br>
<p>On August 30, 2023, the northern front of the building was struck by a falling oak tree as Hurricane Idalia passed to the east, but no injuries or serious damage was reported.</p><br>
<p>The Mud Lake Canal is a prehistoric long-distance canoe canal near Flamingo, Florida, USA It is located at Cape Sable, in the Everglades National Park. At 3.9 mi, it is the longest of Florida&#39;s known prehistoric canals, believed to form a part of a sheltered travel route between the Florida Keys and the Ten Thousand Islands. On September 20, 2006, it was designated a National Historic Landmark and added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Mud Lake Canal is about 3.9 mi in length, and varies in width between roughly 10 and. Its dug depth is about 2 ft, although there are variations due to topography. Portions of the canal are significantly overgrown, but it is typically with plant life that differs from the surrounding area. Its route is crossed five times by the 20th-century Homestead Canal, and by both old and modern alignments of the Ingraham Highway. The canal&#39;s northwestern end is at the southwestern outlet of Mud Lake, north-northwest of Flamingo. It runs generally southeasterly, with long straight sections interrupted by bends, mainly on account of the local topography. A major bend sends the canal around the Bear Lake Mounds, another major prehistoric site in the area. It appears to end in a network of streams on the shore of Snake Bight, east of Flamingo. In some places along the canal route are small shell middens.</p><br>
<p>Early white settlers first brought existence of the canal to the attention of Smithsonian archaeologist Aleš Hrdlička in 1918. In 1921, a botanist discovered and described it, and an engineer working on construction of the Homestead Canal also described it the following year. It has been a subject of recurring archaeological interest since then, most significantly since the area became part of Everglades National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Sycamore Public Library, in Sycamore, Illinois, was erected in 1905 in the former location of Mansion House, Sycamore&#39;s oldest structure. Construction began in May of that year and the library officially opened to the public on Thanksgiving Day, 1905. The library joined the National Register of Historic Places in May 1978 with the rest of the Sycamore Historic District. The library still operates, as of 2019, as the Sycamore library. The library was erected with the help of a $10,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie in 1905.</p><br>
<p>The Trapper Nelson Zoo Historic District, also known as Trapper Nelson Hunting Camp and Trapper Nelson Interpretive Site, is an historic district located south of Hobe Sound, Florida, in the United States. It is inside Jonathan Dickinson State Park at 16450 Southeast Federal Highway. On October 3, 2006, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vince "Trapper" Nelson developed a zoo on his property in the 1950s, and his camp and zoo became popular tourist attractions, where such celebrities as Gene Tunney and Gary Cooper visited. He was known locally as the "Tarzan of the Loxahatchee". He was found dead in his cabin by a friend in 1968, and his death was ruled a suicide. His land was acquired by the state of Florida, and is now part of Jonathan Dickinson State Park.</p><br>
<p>After the land was converted to a park, but still unopen to the public, the camp was often vandalized. One of Nelson&#39;s tool sheds was burned down; the arsonist attempted to burn other buildings but was unsuccessful.</p><br>
<p>In April 1984, park rangers discovered Nelson&#39;s "treasure": a hiding place in his chimney held 5,005 coins, totaling $1,829.46. The coins ranged in date from the 1890s to the 1960s. A thorough search of the camp was conducted before revealing the find to the public, but nothing more was found.</p><br>
<p>The camp still stands today, with his cabin, a guest cabin, a chickee shelter, docks, a boathouse, and assorted cages from his zoo. There are also fruit trees that he planted, including surinam cherry, Java plum and wild almond.</p><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Courthouse is located in the county seat of DeKalb County, Illinois, USA, the city of Sycamore. The Classical Revival structure sits on a square facing Illinois Route 64 as it passes through the city. The current courthouse was constructed in 1905 amid controversy over where the courthouse and thus, ultimately, the county seat would be located. The current building is the third structure to bear the name "DeKalb County Courthouse." DeKalb Countys Courthouse still serves as the countys primary judicial center and is a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District. The district joined the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. As the county&#39;s primary courthouse for over 100 years, the site has been host to many trials, including prominent murder cases.</p><br>
<p>The building is cast in the Classical Revival architectural style and contains elements common to that style. Stained glass, columns and a pediment are among the more noticeable features at a glance. The rear facade of the building is designed to resemble a temple and also features stained glass windows. A stone porte-cochere covers the rear driveway. Inside the buildings third floor courtroom is more stained glass, in the form of a skylight. During the early 1980s the made-for-television movie Will: G. Gordon Liddy filmed scenes in the DeKalb County Courthouses courtroom.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s DeKalb County Courthouse is the third in a line of structures to carry that name. In 1839 a log structure was built and called the county courthouse; the log building stood across the street from the current courthouse. Ten years later, in 1850, the second DeKalb County Courthouse was erected. From December 13, 1902 until April 17, 1924, DeKalb-Sycamore Electric Traction Company operated a trolley route between the two cities (DeKalb and Sycamore), which ended at the DeKalb County Courthouse. The current courthouse, which sits on the same site as the 1850 building, was erected in 1905.</p><br>
<h3>First courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Circuit Court came into existence in June 1839 when the first session of court met in Sycamore&#39;s first courthouse building, though the building was somewhat incomplete. At first, it seemed, that Sycamore might not be the location of the DeKalb County Courthouse; other towns were vying for the county seat title. A now defunct town called Brush Point was the choice of a Dr. Henry Madden and Rufus Colton would have preferred Coltonville, where he made his home.</p><br>
<p>Colton, the Clerk of the Court and preparer of the writs and process of the court, had set the first session of the county court to be held at his home, in Coltonville.</p><br>
<h3>Second courthouse</h3><br>
<p>By 1849 growth in DeKalb County necessitated a new courthouse. That year the county commissioners appointed three citizens, Ellzey P. Young, Kimball Dow, and J.C. Kellogg, to contract for a new courthouse building. The courthouse building was to be constructed at the center of the public square; the location of the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse. The county commissioners also stipulated the building be brick and 60 by 40 ft wide. The cost, as directed by the commissioners, was not to exceed $6,000. Twenty five percent of that cost was contributed by private citizens. Young and the other appointees were also authorized, by the county, to sell the old courthouse as well as any town lots owned by the county in order to help raise money for the project. Eventually, William Phelps was contracted for the construction of the two-story brick structure which was topped with a large cupola clock tower. It was completed in 1850 and the county inaugurated the courthouse with Grand Ball in 1851.</p><br>
<h3>Third courthouse</h3><br>
<p>This time, it was the city of DeKalb that sought to wrest the title of county seat away from Sycamore. Two of DeKalbs most prominent citizens, Jacob Haish and Isaac L. Ellwood, each promised to donate $20,000 to help absorb some of the new buildings cost; their donation hinged upon the courthouse being moved to and constructed in DeKalb. The city of Sycamore responded by raising $70,000 in donations from its citizens and legal wrangling continued, until 1904. Haish eventually pledged $103,000 for a DeKalb courthouse but it was decided that the county seat would stay in Sycamore and ground was broken, despite the continuing legal battle, on October 29, 1903. The building was completed on March 1, 1905 and the Crew Brothers Company was hired to demolish the 1850 DeKalb County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>In recent history the third DeKalb County Courthouse has figured in films, as well as the Global War on Terrorism. Courtroom scenes for the 1982 made for television movie Will: G. Gordon Liddy, the story of G. Gordon Liddy (of Watergate infamy), were filmed in the courthouse&#39;s third floor courtroom.</p><br>
<h3>Circuit court history</h3><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Courthouse serves DeKalb County, Illinois as its main judiciary building. As such, it is the location of any trials and court proceedings in the county. The DeKalb County Circuit Court falls under the Illinois 16th Judicial Circuit, along with the circuit courts in Kendall and Kane Counties. Through its 100-year history prominent criminal trials and other events have occurred at the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest notable cases in the DeKalb County Circuit Court was the murder trial of Henry C. Atwood in 1866, in the second DeKalb Courthouse building. Atwood, 17 years old at the time, was charged with murdering his wife, Ada, then 15. The Chicago Tribune called the events "a thrilling tragedy enacted in the little town of DeKalb, in the county of DeKalb." Prominent DeKalb resident Jacob Haish testified for the prosecution during Atwood&#39;s trial.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1966 the trial of Russell Charles Dewey was underway at the courthouse. Dewey was accused of murdering and burning the body of Susan Brady, who disappeared on December 20, 1965; he was arrested in for the crime in February 1966. Dewey was convicted of the crime on August 21, 1966.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1971 a group of Northern Illinois University students were arrested while protesting the clear cutting of a forested area on the DeKalb, Illinois campus. About 150 students blockaded the roads leading to the forested site with debris; twelve were arrested and the subsequent proceedings at the DeKalb County Courthouse were covered by the Chicago Tribune. All charges were eventually dismissed in the case.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1990 an exiting judge, Rex Meilinger, presented an unusual request to the DeKalb County Board. Meilinger announced, partway through his term, that he planned to retire and requested that his retirement dinner be held "at the courthouse" when asked. Meilinger assured the board that the move was legal and preparations began for a catered dinner for more than 200 guests at the DeKalb County Courthouse. Tables were set up in the lobbies on each floor of the building and the circuit clerk&#39;s first floor office was transformed into a bar. The third-floor courtroom hosted an after-dinner roast in honour of the exiting judge.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The north side of the DeKalb County Courthouse is not as ornately decorated as the south face but each has its own distinctive qualities. The courthouse drive, entering from Exchange Street, crosses below a stone porte-cochere on the courthouse property. The backside of the building features four pilasters with composite capitals which give the courthouse a temple appearance.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>From November 1984 to June 1987 the DeKalb County Courthouse underwent an interior restoration, which was completed in time for the sesquicentennial celebration for DeKalb County. The restoration, at an approximate cost of $100,000, was undertaken by Conrad Schmitt Studios of New Berlin, Wisconsin. The modern front doors to the courthouse hide the original, beveled glass front doors from view. Once inside the modern doors, the nonfunctional original doors can be seen, standing wide open, to be admired; each door weighs several hundred pounds. Past the doors, in the buildings main lobby, is the large, marble staircase to the second floor. The staircase, as well as the lobbys wainscoting, is done in gray Tennessee marble. Most of the first floor is original to the building, including the hexagonal marble flooring, stained glass windows and two original, first floor courtrooms. The plasterwork along the walls and ceilings of the lobby is ornately decorated.</p><br>
<p>Ascending the staircase are bronze railings with mahogany banisters. The railings are decorated with the swastika symbol which, whilst mostly associated with Nazi Germany, has been traced as far back as the 3rd millennium B.C.E. in Asia. The stairways newel posts, on the landing between the second and third floors, are a pair of bronze rams heads, identical newel posts grace the bottom of the stairs as well. The second floor landing offers a view of the stained glass windows, all original, which were fully restored during the 1980s renovation. Elevator access is also located on the second floor landing, the elevator was a 1950s addition to the courthouse. Originally, to access the third floor, the only option was one of two staircases. Both staircases rose from the second floor landing to the third floor, one staircase was located to either side of the stairwell leading to the landing. When the elevator was installed the staircase on the left-hand side of the landing was removed.</p><br>
<p>Inside the ornate buildings third-floor courtroom is a stained glass skylight centered by a ten-pointed star. The room is adorned with six brass lamps, and chandeliers, which are clustered with glass globes. In its original state an old-fashioned, four-bladed ceiling fan hung from the courtroom ceiling. The third-floor courtroom has been called, "the buildings single most distinctive interior space" by Steve Bigolin. The furnishings in the courtroom, including the chandeliers, plasterwork, bevelled glass doors and stained glass work are all original.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was included in the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Sycamore Historic District in 1978. Of the 209 structures contained within the district when it was originally nominated the courthouse is one of 40 possessing "special architectural and/or historical significance", which strongly contributes to the character of the historic district. The courthouse was one of twenty structures detailed on the 1978 nomination form and was noted as having "architectural significance."</p><br>
<p>The South Hadley Canal was a canal along the Connecticut River in South Hadley, Massachusetts. It was the earliest navigable canal in the United States, with operation commencing in 1795.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the South Hadley Canal Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The canal dates to February 1792, when leading citizens of western Massachusetts proposed to build a canal around the Great Falls at South Hadley, a 53 ft drop in the Connecticut River that blocked boat transport. At that time, all cargo needed to be unloaded for 2.5 mi of land transport around the falls, driving river transport cost for a bushel of wheat from Northampton, Massachusetts, to Windsor, Connecticut, to more than double its transport costs by sea from Hartford to Boston. John Hancock, then Governor of Massachusetts, signed the charter which incorporated the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on the Connecticut River. Their corporate seal bore the motto "SIC TRANSIT - Public & Private Good".</p><br>
<p>Funds were raised both locally and internationally, with four Dutch investment houses owning slightly over 50% of the stock. The canal was built by some 240 local workers. In April 1795 it opened to commercial traffic. (Nearby Turners Falls Canal opened three years later.) First year revenue came to $3,109 at 75 cents per ton. By 1816 tolls had grown to over $16,000. In 1826 the Barnet, the first steamboat to operate on the Connecticut River, passed through the South Hadley Canal on its way to Vermont. However, by 1843 competing railroads had begun to erode income, and the canal closed as uneconomical in 1862.</p><br>
<p>Rather than use locks, the canal was built with an unusual "inclined plane" to transport 20 ft by 60 ft flatboats over the falls. The inclined plane appears to have been pioneered on England&#39;s Ketley Canal in 1788. This was its first use in American canals, and served as a pattern for others including the Morris Canal in New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>On the South Hadley Canal&#39;s inclined plane, the boat was first maneuvered into a special cart, then hauled up or down a ramp built of solid stone, 275 ft long by 30 ft wide, covered with strong wood planks, and having a slope of 13.5 degrees. Lifting power was supplied by two overshot waterwheels 16 ft in diameter, one on each side of the inclined plane, connected to the cart with chains. The cart had unequal wheel sizes to keep the boat level during transport. Total transport time was about 15 minutes. In 1805, after about 10 years of use, however, the inclined plane was replaced by a series of five locks when it was necessary to deepen the canal.</p><br>
<p>Today The Bicentennial Canal Park serves as a historic memorial, preserving the historical remnants of the canal. The overlook deck provides vistas of the Mount Tom Range and the Connecticut River. Holyoke Gas & Electric maintains Texon Park, Lower Riverside Park, and Gatehouse Park along the Holyoke dam. Lower Riverside Park overlooks the site of the former inclined plane and lock system, remnants of which are still visible today.</p><br>
<p>The Loveland Block and the Coors Building are adjacent historic storefront buildings in downtown Golden, Colorado. The Loveland Block, named for pioneer William A.H. Loveland, once served as the territorial capitol building of Colorado. Both buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a single entity.</p><br>
<p>The Loveland Building is a two-story brick commercial block. Its front, flat-roofed section was built in 1863, and its rear, gabled roof portion was built in 1865-66.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Loveland Block</h2><br>
<p>The Loveland Block was originally constructed as the forward portion of the present building in 1863, according to the buildings cornerstone. It was built jointly by William A.H. Loveland and Golden City Lodge #1, Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, the first Masonic lodge in Colorado. Its building contractor was Duncan E. Harrison. Loveland occupied the first floor as his mercantile and the second floor served as the Masonic temple. The building was a powerful statement in the face of adversity, signaling Goldens endurance in the face of an economic depression caused by the Civil War.</p><br>
<h3>Territorial Capitol</h3><br>
<p>A warehouse addition spanning the present central section of the first story was built by Loveland during the mid-1860s. In 1866 Loveland extended the first floor the rest of the way to the rear property line and built a full second story addition as well. The purpose was to house the Colorado Territorial legislature under one roof, where the houses previously met in separate buildings across Washington Avenue. The House of Representatives met in the Masonic Hall, which became also known as Representatives Hall. The Council (Territorial identity of the Senate) met at the west end of the upper floor. Four committee rooms spanned the space in between, and the Territorial Library (now Colorado State Library, under charge of Edward L. Berthoud, was housed at the west end of the lower floor. Under Territorial Governor Alexander Cummings, the legislature met in Golden and this building from 1866 through 1867. The Territorial Supreme Court met in the Council Chamber throughout this time as well. Loveland served as a member of the Territorial Council in this building and Berthoud served as Speaker of the Territorial House here.</p><br>
<h3>Capital Removal Controversy</h3><br>
<p>Ever since the Territorial Capital was moved from Colorado City to Golden in 1862, the rival city of Denver made attempts to secure the capital for itself. Indeed, several legislative sessions that opened in Golden adjourned to Denver. In December 1867 the issue came to a head when the legislature hotly debated the issue. According to the Colorado Transcript newspaper, about $5,000 in case plus town lots were pledged "to influence the removal of the Capital to Denver." After the Council voted by a 1-vote margin to move the capital to Denver, it has been alleged even to the present time that the vote was secured by a bribe. The only known clue offering insight into this claim was published by George West, editor of the Transcript, on February 4, 1874:</p><br>
<p>"Now that the question of removing the capital has again come up - having passed the lower house by a vote of sixteen for to seven against - Mr. Lawrence, the interpreter of the Council, will have another show for his influence. In 1866, when the capital was removed from Golden, this same Lawrence was a member of the Legislature, and, if report be true, was promised $800 for his vote and influence in favor of removal to Denver. Evans & Co. paid $200 of the money down, and the other $600 was to have been forthcoming when the removal was effected. But Evans & Co., true to their general record, went back on their promise, and our friend Lawrence sought revenge in an affidavit, which he threatened to publish unless Evans & Co. came down according to contract. After some parley a compromise was brought about, Lawrence agreeing to take $400 instead of $600. Should this enterprising linguist be called on in the present instance, he will probably ask for the whole amount in advance, as an affidavit in regard to such a case, following the Las Animas land grab, would not create a ripple of excitement, and even the Denver Tribune would hardly feel called upon to publish it."</p><br>
<p>Today the Loveland Block is one of only two remaining buildings where the Colorado Territorial assembly is believed to have met, the other being as Colorado&#39;s first capital, Colorado City.</p><br>
<h3>The Mercantile</h3><br>
<p>After the loss of the capital, the Loveland Block found other important uses. It became the headquarters of the Colorado Central Railroad, the first railroad to penetrate the Colorado mountains. In 1878 the upper floor became the emergency home of the Colorado School of Mines and Jarvis Hall after their original campus was attacked by an arsonist. It was here that both colleges admitted their first female students. During the 1890s the upper floor became the hotel of Jasper Babcock. However, the building has been best known as the Mercantile, the store originally started by Loveland across Washington Avenue in 1859. This store was a Golden mainstay, finally closing in 1978 after a remarkable 119 years in operation. 57 of those years it was run by one family, headed by German immigrant patriarch Nicholas Koenig. After the Mercantile faded away the building became a restaurant, progressively the Mercantile, Silverheels, and Old Capitol Grill.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In origin the building was of the Second Empire style of design. Subsequent to its mid-1860s additions, a mansard roof third story was added in 1868. This continued largely unused throughout its existence. In 1905 Koenig hired contractor Perre O. Unger to convert the original arched lower story entrance into a plate glass storefront with ornamental corner support column, and also installed the buildings signature 2-ton Diebold safe. In 1922 the upper storefront was remodeled to modernized appearance by contractor Michael Sweeney, at which point the buildings cornerstone was removed and given to the Golden Masonic lodge, and it now resides in their possession at the Masonic Temple at 400 10th Street. In 1941 the plate glass storefront was extended partially along the south side of the building and clerestory covered. In 1992 the storefront, with a canopy added in the 1960s, was thoroughly renovated to an approximation of its 1922 appearance. After a nearly catastrophic fire gutted the rear upper floor with water heavily damaging the rest of the building on November 3, 2005, the interior was stripped completely and building thoroughly reinforced, a new rear replacement roof installed, and new more historically accurate upper story windows installed. The distinctive row of chimneys on the 12th Street side, mostly missing since being pared down due to chronic wind damage in 1933, were restored, making the building look more historic after the fire than it did before.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Coors Building</h2><br>
<p>The earliest portion of this building are its outer walls, originally built by William A. Wortham for a prior two-story building on the site, the Dold Building, a grocery, later bakery and saloon, which stood here from 1873 to 1906. In 1906 Adolph Coors reconstructed the Dold Building to build a new saloon and bottling works, as bottling on his brewery grounds was then prohibited by state law. The result was the new Coors Building, a two-story storefront with tile mansard half third floor designed by the Baeressen Brothers of Denver and built by contractor Perre O. Unger. The building&#39;s main tenant was the saloon of Charles Sitterle, affiliated with Coors. In 1907 German immigrant Albert Treffeisen moved his north side grocery store here, where it remained as the City Market for many years. Afterward, the building had various tenants and first floor renovations. In 1992 it was renovated to an approximation of its original appearance, and its interior space merged with the Loveland Block to become part of the restaurant. The upper story was water damaged in the 2005 fire and has since been fully renovated. Today, the building still exhibits the "COORS" bannerhead at its cornice.</p><br>
<p>The George Peabody House Museum is a historic house museum at 205 Washington Street in Peabody, Massachusetts. It is dedicated to the life and deeds of 19th century USA entrepreneur, philanthropist, and namesake of the city, George Peabody. The museum shares its location with the Peabody Leather Museum. Within its walls, in 1795, George Peabody was born in what was then called South Danvers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1769, John Southwick, Jr., was the owner of a parcel of land where the museum now sits. He gave the vacant 12 acre lot to his daughter, Hannah, and her husband, Daniel Purinton, a cordwainer. Mortgage records from 1786 indicate there was a chocolate mill on the property, and, by 1794, records mention "other building" but not specifically "mills." In April 1795, Daniel Purinton sold the land and buildings to Thomas Peabody. It is possible that the Peabody family had been renting the property for over a year, and that George Peabody was born in the house during the rental period, although this cannot be confirmed.</p><br>
<p>On May 13, 1811, Thomas Peabody died, leaving his oldest son, David, as executor. There were three mortgages on the land and buildings at the time of Thomass death. David took out two mortgages on the property in 1812: to Jesse Emerson in January, and to Mary Titcomb of Newburyport later in the year. On November 22, 1816, George Peabody bought the family homestead from his brother for $109. He paid off the Titcomb mortgage in the summer of 1817, which allowed his mother to remain living in the house. In 1832, two years after his mothers death, George Peabody sold the property to David Shove for $1,465. After the sale, George Peabody never owned another property in his life; he only rented.</p><br>
<p>Elijah Upton, a glue manufacturer with a factory complex at the corner of Washington Street and Allen&#39;s Lane, owned the land until 1883, when it was sold to Charles B. Farley. By this point the house had been divided into two separate apartments, which Farley rented out to a produce peddler, a carpenter, and a stable hand.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the Peabody Historical Society erected a plaque and post honoring the house as the birthplace of George Peabody; the memorial still exists today. In the same year Charles Farley sold the house to the American Glue Company, which housed its workers there for many years. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Eastman Gelatin employees called it home.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the city bought the house from Eastman and turned it into the George Peabody House Museum.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Springer Opera House is a historic theater at 103 Tenth Street in Downtown Columbus, Georgia, United States. First opened February 21, 1871, the theater was named the State Theatre of Georgia by Governor Jimmy Carter for its 100th anniversary season, a designation made permanent by the 1992 state legislature. The Springer has hosted legendary performers such as Edwin Booth, Oscar Wilde, Ethel Barrymore, Agnes de Mille, and bandleader John Philip Sousa. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1978 for its architecture and state of preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Conception</h3><br>
<p>Theatre has had a presence in Columbus, Georgia since the very first year of the city&#39;s existence. The first recorded performance in an enclosed theater building took place during July 1828. From 1828 to 1870, stages of various size and improvement came and went, but all would be considered primitive in comparison to what would follow. On June 19, 1869, just four years after the conclusion of the American Civil War, a meeting was held in the Columbus banking office of John King to establish a Public Hall Association for the purpose of establishing a performance hall that the city could be proud of. Under the leadership of King, W. L. Salisbury, W. C. Chipley, L. G. Bowers, Joseph Hanserd, and George P. Swift Sr., the new association quickly raised funds through the selling of stock. The association decided among other things, that the hall would be named for the person holding the largest block of stock. By July 15, less than a month after that initial meeting, more than half of the funds necessary for construction had been raised.</p><br>
<h3>F. J. Springer</h3><br>
<p>By May 1870, businessman Francis Joseph Springer, an immigrant from Alsace who had become very prosperous in the grocery business, Springer had long held a love for theatre, music, and dance, and had dreamed of opening a theater in Columbus.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the new theater building began immediately and advanced quickly. By August 10, 1870, the Columbus Enquirer newspaper reported that the building was projected to be completed as early as November of the same year. The speedy construction was not without accident, however. Construction worker John Prince suffered a fatal head wound when a scaffold collapsed inside the hall. Construction was delayed for a brief time due to short supply of brick and lumber, but by January 1871 the exterior was substantially complete and work had begun on the interior fresco painting. On February 10, Springer announced the new opera house would open on February 21, its inaugural event a benefit concert for the nearby Trinity Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h3>1900 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1900, the Springer underwent a major renovation and expansion. Prominent theatre designer J. B. McElfatrick was contracted to completely redesign the Springer. McElfatrick looked to his own work at the Empire Theatre on Broadway in New York City for his design for the Springer. The building was expanded eastward during this renovation, providing a new taller space for the main stage. A second balcony was also added at this time as well as hotel rooms, restaurants and office space. The hotel and restaurants provided the Springer with a valuable new source of revenue.</p><br>
<h3>Movie house</h3><br>
<p>Not long after the Springers expansion came the rise in popularity of the motion picture. The Springer, living up to its reputation as a leading theatre of the time, played host to several of Thomas Edisons new Vitascope films. The Springers display of these short films would signal the start of a slow, steady decline of live theatre in the city. In 1915, the Springer began to show motion pictures on a regular schedule and as motion pictures gained in popularity, live theatre was pushed aside. Indeed, this is a trend that prevailed throughout the nation during that time. By 1931, the Springer had hosted its final major live theatre production and began to operate almost exclusively as a movie house under its new owner, Martin Theatres. The only live performances held at the Springer after 1931 were the occasional local concert. By 1958, decline of Columbus historic commercial district had taken much of the population away from the downtown area</p><br>
<h3>1964 renovation</h3><br>
<p>By 1963, the Springer Opera House had been vacant for five years. Its future was now dim and talk of demolishing the structure was stirring. The Springer&#39;s location, directly across the street from the busy county courthouse, made it a prime location for a new parking lot or office building.</p><br>
<p>With the wrecking ball imminent, a group of local actors, already established as the Columbus Little Theater, formed a board of trustees composed of local professionals of varying expertise with a common interest in saving the Springer Opera House. Those trustees began a very aggressive campaign to educate the public about the Springers significance as a historic structure worth saving. As the awareness campaign blanketed the city, one of the boards trustees, businessman Robert L. Lewis, provided a $5,000 binder for the purchase of the Springer building.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1964, with control of the building secured and sufficient donations in hand to begin renovation, the group began focusing on repairing the leaking roof, restoring the ground floor lobby, cleaning and redressing the main hall, and bringing the building up to code. The Springer Opera House reopened to great celebration on September 23, 1965, with a Columbus Little Theater production of St. Elmo, based on the novel of the same name by Columbus native Augusta Jane Evans. Although the renovations to the Springer that began in 1964 provided only the bare essentials to reopening the Springer, they proved to be a watershed event in its history. This work by the Columbus Little Theater and its board of trustees is also regarded as the spark that led to the highly successful historic preservation movement that the city of Columbus experienced during the second half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>1998 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1998, a comprehensive foundation-to-roof renovation completed the historic preservation process that began in 1964. This $12 million project included both renovation and restoration components. While the 1964 renovation stabilized, equipped and restored the main theatre, ground floor public spaces and a portion of the second floor, this 1998 project reclaimed the entire third floor and second floor, which had remained in ruins for more than 30 years. In addition, the first floor public areas were expanded and the stage house was completely re-equipped with modern rigging, lighting and sound. The general contractor was Phillips Construction Company and the project architect was Hecht Burdeshaw Architects, both of Columbus, Georgia. Historic interior design was directed by Reneau de Beauchamp (Atlanta) with decorative preservation painting provided by Conrad Schmitt Studios (Milwaukee). Theatre consultant was Cape Dixon Associates (Atlanta) and the project manager was Newton Aaron. Major features of this renovation were the application of a lavish Bradbury and Bradbury historic wall papers design and the restoration of the decorative painting scheme around the tall Springer proscenium arch and the recovery of previously unknown painting designs on the underside of both balconies. Other important aspects of the project were the creation of four classrooms and rehearsal studios and the construction of a large multipurpose community room and studio theatre on an adjacent property. These two features allowed the Springer to greatly expand its Theatre Academy program and its Studio Theatre and Children&#39;s Theatre programs.</p><br>
<h3>2009 tornado</h3><br>
<p>On April 19, 2009, an EF2 tornado touched down in Downtown Columbus causing severe damage to Columbus State University and minor repairable damage to the Springer Opera House.</p><br>
<h2>Springer Theatricals</h2><br>
<p>Springer Theatricals is the national touring arm of the Springer Opera House, performing in some 60 American and Canadian cities each year.</p><br>
<h3>Live theatre performance</h3><br>
<p>Today, the Springer Opera House hosts performances year-round on two stages. Emily Woodruff Hall, the 700-seat main theatre, hosts the popular Mainstage Series which features some of the nations newest plays and musicals as well as timeless Broadway-style productions. The McClure Theatre, the Springers more intimate space, hosts its Studio Series as well as its Childrens Theatre Series, featuring many of the areas talented student actors.</p><br>
<h3>Springer Theatre Academy</h3><br>
<p>The Springer Opera House offers an extensive year-round training program for young actors in what is the largest theatre academy in the southeast. The Dorothy W. McClure Springer Theatre Academy is led by professional actors, directors, theatre teachers, and technicians and has an enrollment of over 800 students. The academy holds Saturday classes throughout the school year and offers a weekday program during the summer. The Springer Theater Academy also has special school performances for surrounding school districts in Georgia and Alabama that brings over 1,500 public, private and homeschool children into the Springer Opera House&#39;s doors; many for the first time.</p><br>
<p>The Pilgrim Hall Museum at 75 Court Street in Plymouth, Massachusetts is the oldest public museum in the United States in continuous operation, having opened in 1824.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pilgrim Society, established in 1820, runs the museum. The museum tells the story of the Pilgrims and Plymouth Colony. Architect Alexander Parris designed the museum building, which is built of Quincy granite and opened in 1824. Russell Warren constructed a wooden portico in 1834, which had Doric columns supporting a triangular pediment. The museum was extensively upgraded in the 1880s, and a library wing added in 1904. In 1922 the original wooden portico was replaced by the present six-column Greek Revival temple front, which was designed by McKim Mead & White. In 2008, an addition was added to the museum along with a new sign, activities, and advertising throughout the downtown area. Its building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Collections</h2><br>
<p>The Pilgrim Hall Museum contains artifact collections, artwork, a library, and archives. Prominent pieces include original Pilgrim era artifacts, such as the original Brewster Chair and a 1651 portrait of Edward Winslow, the only known contemporaneous Pilgrim portrait. The museum owns the remnants of the Sparrow Hawk, the only known remains of a trans-Atlantic 17th-century ship, which wrecked off of Cape Cod in 1626. The Sparrow Hawk remnants are currently in storage. The top part of Plymouth Rock sat in front of the building from the 1830s to the 1880s, when it was reunited with the bottom half in the Plymouth waterfront. A portion of the Rock was retained at the museum where visitors are currently permitted to touch it.</p><br>
<p>Salisbury Manor is an historic 1730 farmhouse near Leeds, Greene County, New York.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Francis Salisbury for his oldest son Abraham. The house was expanded in 1760 and 1823, leading to a mix of architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for its architectural significance and representation of colonial era settlement. It is privately owned.</p><br>
<p>The Broad Street Market, opened in 1863, is located in the Midtown neighborhood of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in the United States. Originally established on Broad Street  by the Verbeke family, it is today one of the oldest continuously operating farmers markets in the country.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On April 20, 1860, William K. Verbeke drew up papers to incorporate the West Harrisburg Market Company, in what was then considered West Harrisburg. The market is actually two separate structures. The older Stone Market house was completed in 1863 and held the name "West Harrisburg Market House". The Brick Market house was built between 1874 and 1878. From 1869, a wooden frame wing extension spanned from the Stone Building to the Capitol Street alley until its destruction in 1976-1977.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the market helped to feed the 300,000 Union soldiers who mustered through nearby Camp Curtin.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, ownership of the market was transferred to the City of Harrisburg, which operated the market until 1996 under a city-appointed agency. In 1996, the city completed a $2.5 million award-winning restoration of the Market complex, which was designed to reposition it as a successful and growth-oriented retail enterprise. In 1999, the City completed an additional $380,000 improvement to the stone market house.</p><br>
<p>It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>A severe fire caused by Rite-Hite HVLS ceiling fan tore through the brick building, nearest to 6th Street, in the early morning hours of July 10, 2023 causing major damage to the roof and a loss of the building contents.</p><br>
<h2>List of current vendors</h2><br>
<p>The following are a current list of vendors as found on the Market&#39;s website:</p><br>
<p>The Brown Grand Theatre is a community-based historical theatre located in Concordia, Kansas and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The theatre has been called "the most elegant theater between Kansas City and Denver" and to this day plays host to many popular events in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>In November 1905, Concordia resident Colonel Napoleon Bonaparte Brown announced to the townspeople his plans to build a fully outfitted opera house for Concordia. Renowned Kansas City theatre architect Carl Boller was hired to prepare the design drawings and the blueprints.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the theatre was under the direction of Brown&#39;s son, Earl Van Dom Brown. Young Earl researched and gathered ideas by touring more than thirty opera houses in Kansas and Missouri. Native Concordian W.T. Short (already known for his work on the Brown family home Brownstone Hall and other buildings in the area) was hired as the construction supervisor. Ground breaking ceremonies took place on April 3, 1906.</p><br>
<h3>Opening night</h3><br>
<p>At its completion, The Brown Grand Theatre stood sixty-feet high and spanned one-hundred-twenty feet in length. Renaissance in style and overall design, the $40,000 structure became a priceless jewel amid rare aesthetic riches in a small town in start of the 20th century mid-America. The formal opening of the Brown Grand Theatre took place September 17, 1907 with the production The Vanderbilt Cup (a comedy set against the backdrop of the auto racing trophy Vanderbilt Cup.</p><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>During the next four years, the theater prospered until 1910, when N.B. Brown died. Four months later, his popular son Earl died. According to theater lore, Earl&#39;s ghost haunts the theater, especially during the "opening" season. The theatre operated under various management until 1925 when it was sold to the Concordia Amusement Company.</p><br>
<h3>Motion Picture years</h3><br>
<p>From 1925 to 1974, the Brown Grand was converted to show silent pictures and later talking pictures. The theater was remodeled several times (including air conditioning and concessions) to bring the theater more in line with the times.</p><br>
<p>The last movie to be shown at the Brown Grand was the world premiere of The Devil and LeRoy Bassett which was written and directed by Robert E. Pearson, a native of Concordia. Soon after, the theater underwent extensive restoration led by grassroots community efforts.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Restoration was completed in 1980. The theatre was returned to its original 1907 splendor with 650 seats. The Brown Grand Theatre now serves as a tourist attraction and performing arts / community center for Concordia and North Central Kansas.</p><br>
<p>Restoration included replacement seats, restoration of all walls and artistic work, updating of lighting system, addition of air conditioning, and many other enhancements. The restoration project has put the theatre today to be unique among theatres.</p><br>
<p>On September 17, 2007, the Brown Grand celebrated its 100th birthday with community events lasting over several days. The event coincided with the opening of the National Orphan Train Museum also in Concordia.</p><br>
<h2>Drop curtain</h2><br>
<h3>Original</h3><br>
<p>On opening night in 1907, Earl Brown unveiled a magnificent drop curtain reproduction of a Horace Vernet painting. The curtain, entitled Napoleon at Austerlitz, was presented as a gift to Colonel Brown from his son in recognition of his father&#39;s contribution to the community and to the Brown Grand Theatre, his crowning achievement.</p><br>
<p>The original curtain still hangs above the stage but saw little use during the theatre&#39;s motion picture years. A 1967 tornado caused extensive water damage to the roof over the stage. The rain that accompanied the tornado permanently stained and streaked the already faded and brittle painting.</p><br>
<h3>Replacement</h3><br>
<p>Taking an extreme interest in the Napoleon curtain, Marion Cook (a member of the Brown Grand Board of Directors at the time) donated a new replacement drop curtain. The new curtain was painted by Twin City Scenic Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota—the same firm that had painted the original.</p><br>
<p>For the artistic work on the drop, sought-after scenic painter Robert Braun was hired to do the Napoleon battle scene, and Michael Russell, president of the company, came out of retirement to paint the bordering green draperies and gold and bronze frame around the picture.</p><br>
<p>The two artists requested a color photograph of the original Vernet work Battle of Wagram which hangs in the Hall of Battles in the Palace of Versailles near Paris.</p><br>
<p>The Louisiana History Museum is located in the historic downtown portion of Alexandria, Louisiana, USA, near the Red River. It showcases the social evolution of all of Louisiana, but centers on the history of Central Louisiana, Rapides Parish, and Alexandria. Major exhibit areas deal with Native Americans, Louisiana geography, politics, health care, farming, and the impact of war.</p><br>
<h2>The old Alexandria Library building</h2><br>
<p>The building housing the Museum and Alexandria Genealogical Library started life as the Alexandria Public Library in 1907. The building was constructed solely for the advancement of culture and learning in by Caldwell Brothers (contractors), and Crosby & Henkel of New Orleans (architects). It replaced an earlier library that was burned by General Nathaniel Banks&#39; federal troops on May 13, 1864. Remodeled in 1970, restored as a Bicentennial project in 1976, and again in 2003, it now houses (upstairs) one of the largest genealogical libraries in Louisiana. The structure was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Museum history</h2><br>
<p>The Louisiana History Museum was begun in 1971 by Angelique Stafford "Gic" Kraushaar. Her vision was to establish a museum in Alexandria that would not only describe the history of Louisiana but also show the unique beginnings and background of Central Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Displays and exhibits</h2><br>
<p>There are more than fifty displays and exhibits, including:</p><br>
<p>Native Americans in Louisiana</p><br>
<p>How the Alexandria town plat was laid out in 1805 by Alexander Fulton</p><br>
<p>Louisiana under the rule of Spain, France and England</p><br>
<p>Famous figures in Louisiana such as Governor Murphy J. Foster, Jr.</p><br>
<p>The American Revolution</p><br>
<p>Civil War</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Civil War dam on the Red River by General Joseph Bailey</p><br>
<p>Camp Beauregard, a United States Army facility in World War I</p><br>
<p>The Louisiana Maneuvers and Camp Claiborne in Alexandria in World War II</p><br>
<p>Politicians from the Central Louisiana area including Huey Long and Earl Kemp Long</p><br>
<p>Central Louisiana in postcards</p><br>
<p>The Historic Elitch Theatre is located at the original Elitch Gardens site in northwest Denver, Colorado. Opened in 1890, it was centerpiece of the park that was the first zoo west of Chicago. The theatre was Denvers first professional theatre, serving as home to Americas first and oldest summer-stock theatre company from 1893 until the 1960s. The first films in the western US were shown there in 1896. Cecil B. DeMille sent yearly telegrams wishing the theatre another successful season, calling it "one of the cradles of American drama."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Elitch and Mary Elitch Long first opened Elitch Gardens on May 1, 1890, with animals, bands, flowers and an open-air theatre where Mayor Londoner of Denver spoke. Inspired by Shakespeare&#39;s Globe Theatre, the first shows were vaudeville acts by accomplished local and national performers. In 1891 the theatre was enclosed and rebuilt for $100,000. The Boston Opera Company performed musicals, and light opera starting with The Pirates of Penzance. In 1893 the first summer stock theatre company, the Norcross Company, was organized in the East and brought to the gardens. Vaudeville shows continued until 1900.</p><br>
<p>In 1896, Edison&#39;s Vitascope was exhibited at the theatre showing the first films in Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The Elitch Gardens Stock Theatre Company began performing in 1897 under the management of Mary Elitch Long. Its first season in 1897 opened with leading man James O&#39;Neill, who had promised John that he would act in the new theatre when it was ready. The first show performed there was Helene. The company became known for putting on ten plays in a ten-week summer season and attracting internationally known stars of the theatre and screen.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Bernhardt came to Denver in 1906 after the San Francisco earthquake destroyed the California Theatre where she was scheduled to perform. At Elitch&#39;s she played Camille at the matinée and LaSorcier at night. Douglas Fairbanks was hired into the same company. Prior in 1905, he was hired to sweep the stage for theatre tickets.</p><br>
<p>Operating the park became too costly for Mary Elitch. With the purchase of Elitch Gardens by John Mulvihill in 1916, she relinquished control of the Gardens and theatre. (Two theatre boxes were always reserved for her and her friends). Mulvihill oversaw the theatre until his death in 1930 and was succeeded by his son-in-law Arnold Gurtler.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the Elitch Theatre was used to film scenes for The Glenn Miller Story.</p><br>
<p>The Elitch Garden Theatre Company became its own incorporated business, separate from the Elitch Gardens Park, renting the theatre in 1963. The company stopped operating as a traditional resident summer-stock, switching to single, star-packaged shows from New York. The company had many successful years, but as time and culture changed the theatre building was neglected.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s Trocadero Ballroom was bulldozed in 1975. Fearing a similar fate, the community added the theatre to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Elitch Theatre Companys last season was in 1987. The park booked the "Incredible Acrobats of China" for a season, then one night musical acts before it was officially closed in 1991. The Robber Bridegroom was performed with Patrick Cassidy for the theatres centennial anniversary. Actor Raymond Burr raised $2 million for an educational program at the theatre. The money was instead donated to local Cole Middle School.</p><br>
<p>The Elitch Gardens amusement park moved to the current central Platte Valley location in 1994. The new $94 million park was opened in 1995 with attendance reaching one million. Two fires in 1995 on the old Gardens property near the theatre cause public outcry for additional security. The original Elitch property was sold to Perry Rose LLC in 1996 with the conditions that the theatre and carousel shell never be demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, Barbara Medill, a friend of Mary Elitch Long, donated some of Long&#39;s possessions to the Foundation, including an engraved silver table setting. Around the same time, the hand-painted decorative historic "Anne Hathaway" curtain, (oil on canvas: circa early 1900s), was removed from its original wooden bats and stored for construction work. After years of neglect and severe water damage the curtain was rolled and stored in a backstage room at the theatre.</p><br>
<p>After a massive volunteer cleanup, the interior was opened for Doors Open Denver in April 2012. Musicians and Shakespearean performers were the first acts on stage in the 22 years since the building closed.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, Curtains Without Borders (a non-profit organization promulgating proper storage etiquette of antiquated theatre curtains and drapes.) Representatives from the group gave a lecture at the Elitch Theatre about theatre grand drapes and curtains. They were asked to review the Elitch Theatre&#39;s "Anne Hathaway" grand drape and consult on its restoration. The drape was removed from storage, and unrolled by CWB representatives and theatre volunteers who discovered improper storage. The drape was illegible, and the paint dissolved into dust as the curtain was unrolled. The curtain was displayed on the backstage theatre floor for lecture attendees to view. Those who regarding it as a piece of Colorado history were devastated that it had been destroyed by time and neglect.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the outdoor films and summer children&#39;s programming at the theater were cancelled due to $800,000 in damages caused by wind and a hail storm.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The theatre closed in 1991 and sat empty for the next 11 years.A nonprofit organization, the Historic Elitch Gardens Theatre Foundation, was formed in 2002 to raise funds, maintain, preserve and restore the theatre and carousel pavilion. In 2006, the Historic Elitch Gardens Theatre Foundation received $5 million in federal, state, and city funding, plus grants and private donations. Work began on phase 1 -- saving and restoring the historic exterior. The groundbreaking for the renovation of the theatre began with restoring the building&#39;s exterior, including a concrete foundation under the exterior walls. The roof, gable, main entrance/lobby, and exterior walls were replaced and painted. A section of dressing rooms and shops on the West side of the building was demolished. Exterior restoration on the historic auditorium was completed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Phase 2 of the restoration (2013-2014) included various health and safety upgrades, including restoring electricity and lighting throughout the building and the addition of a fire suppression system. This upgrade allowed the theatre to get temporary occupancy and begin tours and limited events.</p><br>
<p>With the completion of Phase 3 (2020-2021), restrooms were added, a new roof was put on, and various other upgrades were made, allowing for the theatre to gain permanent occupancy.</p><br>
<p>In summer 2022, the foundation offered free some outdoor movie showings. In summer 2023, the interior had been sufficiently restored for a series of indoor movies and tours. By late 2023, the foundation had high hopes for its Phase 4 progress, expecting to offer live shows in summer 2024, albeit without full lighting, rigging and sound. Opening the 400 balcony seats is part of Phase 5.</p><br>
<p>Fundraising continues for interior renovations, including the need for theatre rigging, lighting, sound, etc. The plan is to reopen as a multimedia performing arts complex for the community offering education, film, live music, and theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Stars Who Appeared at The Elitch Theatre</h2><br>
<p>Steve Allen, 1974</p><br>
<p>Morey Amsterdam, 1968</p><br>
<p>Eve Arden, 1965</p><br>
<p>Cliff Arquette, 1966</p><br>
<p>George Arliss, 1905–06, &#39;13</p><br>
<p>John Astin, 1973–74</p><br>
<p>Sarah Bernhardt, 1906</p><br>
<p>Beulah Bondi, 1925–26</p><br>
<p>Shirley Booth, 1968</p><br>
<p>Helen Bonfils, 1934–59</p><br>
<p>Joe E. Brown, 1963</p><br>
<p>Raymond Burr, 1944</p><br>
<p>Sid Caesar, 1971, &#39;74</p><br>
<p>Kitty Carlisle, 1965, &#39;70</p><br>
<p>Jon Cypher, 1958</p><br>
<p>Cecil B. DeMille, 1905</p><br>
<p>Brandon deWilde, 1972 ***</p><br>
<p>Patty Duke, 1973–74</p><br>
<p>Douglas Fairbanks, 1905</p><br>
<p>Douglas Fairbanks Jr., 1971–73</p><br>
<p>Maude Fealy, 1896, 1903, 1904, 1907, 1909, 1917</p><br>
<p>Jose Ferrer, 1973</p><br>
<p>Minnie Maddern Fiske 1905, 1907–08</p><br>
<p>Arlene Francis, 1964–65, &#39;69</p><br>
<p>Mitzi Gaynor, 1987</p><br>
<p>Barbara Bel Geddes, 1964</p><br>
<p>George Gobel, 1971</p><br>
<p>Karen Grassle, 1972</p><br>
<p>Julie Harris, 1978</p><br>
<p>Mimi Hines, 1965, 1968, 1970</p><br>
<p>Kim Hunter, 1975</p><br>
<p>Gabe Kaplan, 1982–83</p><br>
<p>Grace Kelly, 1951</p><br>
<p>Cloris Leachman, 1982–83</p><br>
<p>Harold Lloyd, 1914</p><br>
<p>Myrna Loy, 1969</p><br>
<p>Fredric March, 1926–28</p><br>
<p>Enid Markey, 1942</p><br>
<p>Jayne Meadows, 1974</p><br>
<p>Patricia Neal, 1947</p><br>
<p>Maureen OSullivan, 1972, 82-83</p><br>
<p>Walter Pidgeon, 1964</p><br>
<p>Antoinette Perry, 1904–05</p><br>
<p>Howard Platt, 1968, 1984</p><br>
<p>Jane Powell, 1981</p><br>
<p>Tyrone Power, 1905</p><br>
<p>Vincent Price, 1979</p><br>
<p>Rosemary Prinz, 1968, 1977</p><br>
<p>John Raitt, 1977, &#39;79</p><br>
<p>Robert Redford, 1955</p><br>
<p>Lynn Redgrave, 1975</p><br>
<p>Debbie Reynolds 1986</p><br>
<p>Edward G. Robinson, 1922</p><br>
<p>Ginger Rogers, 1975</p><br>
<p>Cesar Romero, 1964</p><br>
<p>Mickey Rooney, 1972–74</p><br>
<p>William Shatner, 1975, 1980</p><br>
<p>Stephen Stills, 1991</p><br>
<p>Haila Stoddard, 1953, 1975, 1983</p><br>
<p>Gloria Swanson, 1967</p><br>
<p>Constance Towers, 1969</p><br>
<p>Ernest Truex, 1903, 1904, 1906</p><br>
<p>Lana Turner, 1977</p><br>
<p>Joan Van Ark, 1960</p><br>
<p>Dick Van Patten, 1968</p><br>
<p>Helen Ware, 1912</p><br>
<p>Nancy Walker, 1987</p><br>
<p>Blanche Walsh, 1901</p><br>
<p>David Warfield, 1908</p><br>
<p>Paxton Whitehead, 1979</p><br>
<p>Shelley Winters, 1973, &#39;83</p><br>
<p>Donald Woods (actor), 1933–32, 1939, 1941, 1947–48</p><br>
<p>Jane Wyatt, 1939</p><br>
<p>Brandon deWilde died in motor vehicle accident in Lakewood, Colorado, days after his final performance at the theatre.</p><br>
<p>Elitch Gardens Carousel, also known as Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel #6 or as the Kit Carson County Carousel, is a 1905 Philadelphia Toboggan Company carousel located in Burlington, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Philadelphia Toboggan Company Carousel #6 was manufactured in 1905 for Elitch Gardens. It was used at the park every summer until 1928, when the park acquired a new carousel also made by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC #51) and sold the existing carousel and band organ to Kit Carson County for $1,200, including the cost of delivery by train to Burlington. During the Depression, the carousel spent six years in storage, re-entering use in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the carousels band organ began in 1976. The Kit Carson County Carousel was designated a National Historic Site in 1978 and a National Historic Landmark in 1987. Restoration efforts continued in 1987 with work to restore the original paint to the animals, chariots, and the outer rim, new siding applied to the carousel building and Victorian-inspired landscaping. A second restoration to the carousel animals took place in 1992. Grants financed research into and restoration of the carousels original lighting, machinery room, moldings on the paintings, and the Wurlitzer band organ in 1997.</p><br>
<h3>1981 theft and return</h3><br>
<p>In May 1981, thieves removed three small horses and a donkey from the carousel during a heavy rainstorm. The animals were later recovered from a Salina, Kansas warehouse and returned to the carousel following a parade through Burlington in October 1981. Commemorative markers on the carousel mark the recovered animals&#39; locations.</p><br>
<h2>Carousel details</h2><br>
<p>It is the only antique carousel in America retaining its original paint on both the scenery panels and the animals, and it is the only surviving menagerie (having other animals in addition to horses) carousel made by Philadelphia Toboggan Company.</p><br>
<p>Lake Washington Boulevard is a scenic, approximately 8 mi, road through Seattle, Washington, that hugs Lake Washington for much of the route. There are views of the lake, small sections of rainforest, meadows, and views of the Cascade mountains. At its northern end, Lake Washington Boulevard originates as East Lake Washington Boulevard at Montlake Boulevard East, soon becomes Lake Washington Boulevard East, and runs through the length of the Washington Park Arboretum. The road begins at S. Juneau Street in Seward Park, running thence along the lake to Colman Park, just south of Interstate 90. From here north to E. Alder Street in Leschi, the lakeside road is named Lakeside Avenue, and Lake Washington Boulevard diverts to a winding route through Colman, Frink, and Leschi Parks. At E. Alder, the boulevard once again runs along the lake through Madrona Park to just north of Madrona Drive, where private residences occupy the shore. At E. Denny-Blaine Place, the road heads northwest, through Lakeview Park and the grounds of The Bush School, to the south entrance of the Arboretum at E. Madison Street. It continues through the Arboretum. Just north of E. Roanoke Street, the boulevard turns due west and changes from Lake Washington Boulevard E. to E. Lake Washington Boulevard, following the city&#39;s street name designation system. The boulevard ends at the Montlake overpass of 520, where E. Montlake Place E. becomes Montlake Boulevard E.</p><br>
<p>The road is popular among cyclists—indeed, it was originally conceived as a bicycle path before automobiles had become widespread—and is closed to auto-traffic ten days out of the year for recreation.</p><br>
<p>The road was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses</h2><br>
<p>The cities of Newcastle, Bellevue and Kirkland on the Eastside, as well as the city of Renton, also have roads along the lakefront with the same name; the Eastside road was once continuous and paved in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Laura Plantation is a restored historic Louisiana Creole plantation on the west bank of the Mississippi River in Vacherie, Louisiana. Formerly known as Duparc Plantation, it is significant for its early 19th-century Créole-style raised big house and several surviving outbuildings, including two slave cabins. It is one of only 15 plantation complexes in Louisiana with this many complete structures. Due to its historical importance, the plantation is on the National Register of Historic Places. The site, in St. James Parish, Louisiana, is also included on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.</p><br>
<p>Alcée Fortier, who later became Professor of Romance Languages and folklore at Tulane University, was said to have collected Louisiana Creole versions of the West African Br&#39;er Rabbit stories here in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The parents and family of USA singer-songwriter Fats Domino ("Blueberry Hill") had lived on the plantation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1700s, a large Acolapissa village called Tabiscanja, meaning "long river view," was located on high ground above the Mississippi River in this area. In 1785, Acadian refugees settled on the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1804, the Frenchman Guillaume Duparc, a naval veteran from the American Revolutionary War, had petitioned then-President Thomas Jefferson, for land."The Duparc Sugar Plantation", Lauraplantation.com, 2008, web:.</p><br>
<p>Jefferson secured Duparc&#39;s loyalty to the USA, which had just acquired additional territory through the Louisiana Purchase, by granting him land along the Mississippi River. Considering the natives to be Frenchmen, the French did not force them off the riverlands. Instead, the Colapissa continued to live on the rear part of the plantation until 1915.</p><br>
<p>Duparc&#39;s slaves built his plantation house during 1804 and 1805. The house had a U-shape, with the two back wings around a central courtyard. A detached kitchen building in the back, separate to protect the main house from fire and keep it cooler in summer. The Duparc family acquired adjacent parcels of land, and expanded the sugarcane plantation to more than 12,000 acres of real estate. The plantation size, wings of the manor house, and outbuildings have changed over the years since the original plantation house completed in 1805.</p><br>
<p>The sugar mill was located about 1 mi behind the big house, surrounded by sugarcane fields. A longer dirt road extended behind the house for 3.5 mi, which was lined with the slave cabins to house the workers.</p><br>
<p>In the years before the American Civil War, the slave quarters included a slave infirmary, 69 cabins, communal kitchens, and several water wells located along the road. Each slave cabin was occupied by two families, who had separate doors and shared a central double fireplace. Near each cabin they kept a vegetable garden plus a chicken coop and/or pigpen.</p><br>
<p>The complex continued operating as a plantation into the 20th century. The two back wings of the manor house were removed, widening the back balcony, and a back kitchen wing was added off the back porch. The remaining plantation complex consists of the "big house" with several outbuildings, including six original slave quarters, and a maison de reprise (a second house, or mother-in-law cottage). The existence of the slave quarters, where farm workers continued to live until 1977, contributes to the historic significance of the complex. Because of its importance, it has been listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The complex is used to interpret history and for heritage tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Shaded by the low branches of large oak trees, the main house is almost hidden from the road. Constructed in 1804–1805, the "big house" at Laura Plantation has a raised brick basement story and a briquette-entre-poteaux (brick between posts) upper floor. It is one of only 30 substantial Créole raised houses in the state. Also noteworthy are the Federal-style interior woodwork and Norman roof truss, unusual for later Créole houses.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan consists of two rows of five rooms that all open directly into each other without any hallways. The interior of the "big house" is furnished with original antiques. Some pieces were donated to the plantation by families of the original owners. Owners have left some areas inside the home unrestored to give visitors a sense of history and show wall-construction methods.</p><br>
<p>A large collection of family treasures and some items of apparel are on display, giving a sense of daily life. Laura Locoul Gore&#39;s memoir, Memories of the Old Plantation Home, provided much of what is known about life on Laura Plantation. The gift shop has displayed some books about the area and related subjects.</p><br>
<h3>Fire of 2004</h3><br>
<p>On August 9, 2004, the plantation house was significantly damaged by an electrical fire which destroyed 80% of the house, including the kitchen wing behind the house. The left half of the house survived, but even the elevated foundation of the right side was burned. Restoration work was completed in 2006, despite the interruption of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. The ashes of the kitchen wing were cleared, but the back wing was not rebuilt. Instead, the back corners of the house were capped with old gray boards to indicate where two back wings of the house had existed when Laura Locoul, the last DuParc descendant, sold the plantation in 1891.</p><br>
<h2>Residents</h2><br>
<p>The first owner, Guillaume Benjamin Demézière Duparc, lived at the plantation for 4 years, dying in 1808, 3 years after the house was completed. His daughter Elisabeth married into the Locoul family. Generations later, Laura Locoul Gore, who was born in the big house in 1861, inherited the plantation after she had married and moved to New Orleans. Her memoir was published posthumously in 2000.</p><br>
<p>A local historian wrote about her ancestors of the early nineteenth century in Louisiana:</p><br>
<p>On October 25, 1821, Elisabeth Duparc, a native of Pointe Coupée and the daughter of the late Guillaume Benjamin Demézière Duparc and Anne Nanette Prudhomme, was married at the St. John the Baptist Catholic Church in Edgard to George Raymond Locoul, a native of Bordeaux, France, the son of Raymond Locoul and Marie Roland. From this marriage, the lands of Duparc, which is presently represented by Laura Plantation at the river, became the property of the Locouls. One member, Marie Elisabeth Aimée Locoul, the widow of Jean Flavien Charles de Lobel Mahy, the granddaughter of Guillaume Duparc, subdivided the Duparc tract from the river to Molaison. &ndash;Elton J. Oubre, Vacherie, St. James Parish, Louisiana</p><br>
<p>After inheriting the plantation, Laura Locoul Gore became its fourth mistress. She ran the plantation as a sugar cane business until 1891, when she sold it to Aubert Florian Waguespack. The Waguespack family ran, resided on, and lived at the plantation for nearly another century, until 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Brer Rabbit and Brer Fox tales recounted in Louisiana and the South are variations on traditional stories that originated in Senegal and were brought by enslaved Senegalese to America around the 1720s as part of their culture. According to the plantations history, Alcée Fortier, a neighbor of the family and student of folklore, visited there in the 1870s to listen to the freedmen. He collected the stories, which freedmen told their children in the Louisiana Creole language that had developed since colonial times. It was a creole language based in French and absorbing African languages. These stories were about Compair Lapin and Compair Bouki (the clever rabbit and stupid fool), in which the rabbit plays a traditional trickster role. Twenty-five years later in 1894, Fortier published stories which he had collected and translated in the edition Louisiana Folk Tales: In French Dialect and English Translation. Fortier may have collected some of the tales at Laura Plantation and his own family&#39;s plantation.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, Laura Plantations association with Fortiers Br&#39;er Rabbit tales drew the attention of preservationist Norman Marmillion. He created a for-profit company to attract enough investors to embark on a ten-year plan of restoration of the plantation. Some investors are descendants of former owners.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Zirkle Mill is a 1760s era grist mill located in the southern end of Shenandoah County, Virginia. The mill was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 after being restored by Glenn Hofecker, the owner at the time. The mill is cited as a prime example of the architecture and construction of grist mills and manufacturing facilities of its era.</p><br>
<h2>Virginia Historic Landmark</h2><br>
<p>Built by German pioneers who moved to the area from Pennsylvania in the 1750s, the mill is a remnant of the culture, industriousness and vision of these early settlers. Its use, architecture, builders, owners and location place it in the forefront of early frontier life. Added to the Virginia Historic Landmark Registry in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>About the mill</h2><br>
<p>In 1749, Thomas Lord Fairfax issued a land grant for 224 acre to George Brock. Brock sold this land in 1757 to, who had arrived in the area in 1755 with four brothers, two sisters and his mother. Shortly thereafter, Andrew and his brothers built the mill.</p><br>
<p>While the exact date of the construction of the mill remains a mystery, there is a variety of evidence that shows it was built and in operation by 1781. Anecdotal evidence places its construction in the early 1760s.</p><br>
<p>The mill has a log frame and uses mortice and tenon construction. The main beams of the mill, of which there are six, are huge timber beams. These beams are one piece, each of which are 40 ft long and over one foot square. The mill rests on a coursed rubblestone foundation built into the hillside. A portion of the mill foundation rests on solid bed of limestone that protrudes from the hill. There is also a large natural cleft in the rocks where the waterwheel now resides.</p><br>
<p>The waterwheel is fed by a mill race that extends nearly 1/2 mile upstream to the mill dam located on Holman&#39;s Creek. As it nears the mill, the water runs into a raised wooden flume to be fed to the Fitz Waterwheel. The waterwheel is 20½ feet in diameter and 2 ft wide. It was manufactured by the Fitz Waterwheel company of Hanover, PA was installed in the spring of 1921.</p><br>
<p>Inside the mill is a collection of equipment spanning the entire lifespan of the mill. The original granite and French quartz millstones are present, roller milling machines installed just before 1900, sifters, bolters, and other items. The mill also features a Fitz gearing installed in the basement that takes the power from the waterwheel and uses it to drive all the equipment.</p><br>
<h2>History of the mill</h2><br>
<p>The American historian George Bancroft writes of contributions made by citizens to relieve "the poor of Boston" during the hardships caused by the blockading of the harbor after the Boston Tea Party. Bancroft specifically mentions contributions made by settlers in the Northern Shenandoah Valley, citing 132 barrels of flour being brought into Winchester. The Boston Tea Party occurred in December 1773 and with the passage of the Intolerable Acts which contained the Boston Port Bill, the harbor was ordered closed June 1, 1774.</p><br>
<p>In "A History of Shenandoah County", written by Shenandoah Valley historian John W. Wayland, these contributions are cited and Wayland gives his interpretation of Bancrofts&#39; writings, stating that mills of Shenandoah County provided some of this flour. It is family tradition that the Zirkle Mill was one of the sources for this flour. This claim is given further credence by the Shenandoah County Publick Claims which show that in 1781 Andrew Zirkle contributed six barrels of flour to the Continental Army.</p><br>
<p>The mill is mentioned in a 1784 petition from local residents to build a road from the mill east to the town of New Market, VA. Andrew Zirkle, his brother Michael and other residents signed the petition. The Order Book of Shenandoah County Court lists instructions for Michael Zirkle, Andrew Zirkle, Jacob Neff and Benjamin Fossett "view a way for a Road from Andrew Sircles Mill to Abraham Dusks Smith Shop on the Main Road" and that they report their findings to the next court.</p><br>
<p>In 1817, Andrew directed the executor of his will to sell the mill and distribute the proceeds among his descendants. The mill was subsequently sold to George Mowrey who was apparently his miller at the time. Mowery was unable to hold onto the mill and it passed through a number of owners until it was purchased by Peter Myers who lived just outside Forestville, VA in 1853.</p><br>
<p>War had once again come to the valley as the north and south faced off against each other in the Civil War. After driving Confederate General Jubal Early from the field at the Battle of Fisher&#39;s Hill, Union General Phillip Sheridan pursued him as far south as Harrisonburg and McGaheysville, Virginia. There he stopped as he feared Confederate Troops from the Richmond area might move to his rear and trap his army between two forces.</p><br>
<p>General Sheridan received orders from General Ulysses S. Grant to burn "the breadbasket of the Confederacy." Sheridan then executed a strategic retreat northward towards Winchester and Union troops rode the width of the valley setting fields, barns and mills ablaze.</p><br>
<p>At the Zirkle Mill, the miller Samuel Hockman climbed the hill facing the mill. In the distance he could see the mills at nearby Moore&#39;s Store, Harpinetown and the Myers farm being set ablaze. He ran and got a Union Flag, climbed onto the roof of the mill and hung it there.</p><br>
<p>He ran to meet the Union Cavalry officers in the road. The flag and his pleadings convinced them of his sincerity and the troops were ordered to leave the mill alone. It was the only mill on Holman&#39;s creek to survive that day. The General in charge of the Union Cavalry in this area was none other than George Armstrong Custer. This fantastic tale is recounted in "The Burning: Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley" by Professor John Heatwhole.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the local people branded Hockman as a Union sympathizer and refused to patronize the mill and soon the owner Peter Myers was forced to sell. Joseph Andrick purchased the mill in 1867 and operated it until his death in 1893. His sons Casper and Charles ran the mill for a number of years and upgraded the mill by installing roller milling equipment. Much of this equipment is still in the mill today.</p><br>
<p>After the Andrick brothers sold the mill in 1906 it again passed through a number of owners hands each trying his hand at the milling trade. Finally, in the late 1940s, no longer able to compete with modernized factories the mill finally ceased operations after 180 years.</p><br>
<h2>Mill campaign</h2><br>
<p>The mill sat neglected for many years until in 1980 it was bought by a North Carolina carpenter named Glen Hofecker, who restored it to working order. It was during this time that the mill was added to the Virginia Historic Landmark Register in 1992 and then placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Hofecker sold the mill at auction in 1992 to Bowman Fruit Sales, LLC controlled by Gordon D. "Sonny" Bowman, a local orchardist.</p><br>
<p>Bowman Fruit Sales owned the mill for 11 years and then decided to sell it. The mill was placed on the open market for a year with no takers. Finally, the Frontier Culture Museum of Staunton, Virginia came calling. They were looking for a mill to be the centerpiece of an exhibit on 1850s life and announced plans to move the upper portion of the mill to museum property in Staunton, Virginia. Two Zirkle descendants, Rob Andrews and Sherryl Andrews Belinsky formed the Save the Zirkle Mill Foundation (now called ) and conducted a year-long campaign to save the mill.</p><br>
<p>The Frontier Culture Museum is state funded and is restricted by acquisition laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The purchase of the mill property was highly irregular. After taking the case to the State Attorney General&#39;s office, the Attorney General issued an opinion stating that the Governor of Virginia must approve the acquisition of the mill by the museum as dictated by state laws.</p><br>
<p>In July 2005, Governor Mark Warner denied the acquisition of the mill by the museum. Bowman Fruit Sales waited a few months and quietly put the mill up for sale again. While it had become famous, there were few takers. Andrews and Belinsky made an offer for the mill and on January 5, 2006 became the owners of the Andrew Zirkle Mill.</p><br>
<h2>A new beginning</h2><br>
<p>The new owners have begun the process of bringing the mill back to life. While the project is expected to take many years, plans are being made and events have been held to further this goal. Signage has been added to the property and recently a historic highway marker was added in the parking lot across the road from the mill. The Highway Marker was donated by the Knight-Patty Fund of the Virginia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>A number of site improvements are underway and a portion of the grounds has been turned to agricultural use. Due to the numerous safety improvements required and the need to proceed slowly with changes, the mill is currently closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Pickle Barrel House is a two-story cabin built to in the shape of two barrels. The house design is based on the artwork of William Donahey, an author-illustrator who created the Teenie Weenies cartoon characters that were 2 in tall and lived under a rose bush in a pickle barrel. The house was used as a summer home by Donahey and his wife for ten years. It is currently located in Grand Marais on Michigan&#39;s Upper Peninsula near the southern shore of Lake Superior. It is near the intersection of State Highway M-77 and County Highway H-58 in this gateway town to the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. There is an outdoor seating area with a large historical marker.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>William Donahey was an author, illustrator, and cartoonist. He created the Teenie Weenies cartoon feature,</p><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, Donahey contracted with the Reid-Murdock & Company of Chicago to allow use of the Teenie Weenie characters to promote their Monarch Foods line.</p><br>
<p>Teenie Weenies subsequently appeared on many of the labels of Monarch food products aimed at children, including toffee, peanut butter, popcorn, and all kinds of canned vegetables. The signature product was Teenie Weenie Sweet Pickles, which were sold in a small wooden keg that could be refilled by the grocer. One advertisement featured a small pickle keg that was used as a house by two Teenie Weenie newlyweds.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Reid-Murdock decided to create a life-sized version of the small pickle house featured in the ad, and construct it near Grand Marais, where the Donaheys liked to vacation in the summer. Reid-Murdock ordered the Pickle Barrel House to be built by the Pioneer Cooperage Company of Chicago, the same company that made the small wooden kegs. The barrel house was a large-scale version of the miniature oak casks that held the Monarch-brand pickles. Pioneer Cooperage first built it in Chicago at their workshop, then took it apart and shipped it to Grand Marais, where it was assembled outside of town on the shore of Sable Lake. All went well until the door and window openings were cut. The barrels immediately began to twist and sag, and the workers had to add special braces and bolts above and below each opening to maintain the shape of the barrel.</p><br>
<p>Donahey&#39;s wife, Mary Dickerson Donahey, was herself an author. This special cottage would be for the Donaheys to use as a summer cabin in the woods at Grand Sable Lake where they liked to fish. The Donaheys received much attention for their "barrel house on the lake" since nobody had ever seen anything like this before. However, after 10 years it became a burden because of all the curiosity seekers and onlookers wanting to see how they lived. Ultimately they moved it from its original lake location. The Donaheys then built a log cabin on the spot where the barrel house had stood, and they continued to summer in Grand Marais for many more years.</p><br>
<h3>Later</h3><br>
<p>The Pickle Barrel house was moved to downtown Grand Marais in 1936 from the woods at nearby Grand Sable Lake when the Donaheys gave it to Mr. Hill, a local businessman and friend. Through the years it was an ice-cream stand, an information kiosk booth, and a souvenir gift shop. Gradually the barrel house fell into disrepair. In 2003 the Grand Marais Historical Society acquired the property. They undertook the project of restoring the structure to its original condition. On July 3, 2005, after much work and with a budget of $125,000 (equivalent to $ in ) in expenses the renovated Pickle Barrel House was opened to the public. The barrel house now shows how the Donaheys lived there in their summer cottage in the woods by the lake in the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The barrel house museum has old pictures of the Donaheys in their one-of-a-kind pickle barrel cottage. Some of these old photos of the 1920s even show the "curiosity visitors" at their cottage in the woods. In the museum also are several books and other materials on William Donahey and his children&#39;s Teenie Weenies. One room showcases William Donahey and his artwork of creations of the Teenie Weenies. In this room is a 7 in barrel on display showing a promotion for Monarch sweet pickles. The barrel house pretty much recreates its appearance and atmosphere when the Donaheys lived there. Tourists who visit the unique house can now get the feel for what everyday life in a barrel would be like.</p><br>
<h2>Historical marker</h2><br>
<p>There is a Michigan Historical Marker at the Pickle Barrel House location. The barrel home has been accepted on the Michigan Register of Historic Places and is a Michigan Historic Home. It is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Pickle Barrel House repairs 2004.jpgPickle Barrel House in Grand Marais, Michigan, under repair in 2004</p><br>
<p>Pickle Barrel House (Michigan) marker June 2021.jpgPickle Barrel House historical sign</p><br>
<p>Pickle Barrel House 2008.jpgPickle Barrel House in 2008</p><br>
<p>Pickle Barrel House (Michigan) June 2021.jpgPickle Barrel House in 2021</p><br>
<p>Pickle Barrel House interior.jpgPickle Barrel House interior</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Catholic Church Rectory and Convent in Bloomington, Illinois, USA, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. The Rectory and Convent Building is situated behind the art deco church on the site of the 1869 Holy Trinity Church, which was destroyed by a tornado before it was completed. A fire obliterated the church in 1932, but the church was financed, and recovery was quick. The finished Art-Deco building was completed in 1933 and opened in 1934. It still stands today.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s pipe organ was the last large instrument manufactured by the Hinners Organ Company of Pekin, Illinois (opus 3074, built in 1934). The resulting instrument served until 1989, when the Rodgers Organ Company replaced it with a three-manual hybrid instrument with 8 ranks of new pipes.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>The Graue Mill is a water-powered grist mill that was originally erected in 1852. Now a museum, it is one of two operating water-powered gristmills in Illinois . It is located on Salt Creek in Oak Brook, Illinois, owned and operated by the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Friedrich Graue, born in Germany, emigrated to the United States in the late 1840s. Changing his name to Frederick, he brought with him knowledge of the craft of waterwheel gristmilling. Settling in what was the farming village and early transportation hub of Fullersburg, Illinois, formerly named Brush Hill, he and William Asche (whose brother-in-law, Henry Fischer, built a wind-powered grist mill in what is now Mount Emblem Cemetery) filed claim in 1849 to a tract of damp, clay-rich bottomland along the banks of Salt Creek that was home to a sawmill that burned down the year before. Together they built a new sawmill. They together operated this mill for three years, until Graue decided to engage in the milling business on his own.</p><br>
<p>Digging ditches in the poorly drained soil, he and his family recovered clay that could be used to make bricks. The Graues built a kiln on their farmstead, fired the bricks, and slowly raised the new structure and waterwheel into place from the on-site building materials. The mill went into operation in the summer of 1852.</p><br>
<p>The ditching and draining of the Graue Mill farmstead was typical of German-American settlement patterns in the Midwest in the 1840s and 1850s, as the thrifty German emigrants found assets in tracts of land that had been left behind by earlier, English-speaking frontiersmen and women.</p><br>
<p>Graue could not build his entire mill from onsite materials. He bought four buhrstones that turned on water-driven axles to grind locally grown corn and wheat. Quarried in France, the buhrstones, a type of millstone, were carefully dressed by specially trained craftsmen so as to form two level, gritty surfaces that would pulverize the grain between them.</p><br>
<p>Graue and his family were Pietist Germans who opposed American slavery. The mill is one of three authenticated Illinois stops on the Underground Railroad, the subversive movement that helped fugitive slaves escape from the American South to Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Graue Mill operated in eastern DuPage County under three generations of the Graue family for approximately 60 years. In the 1910s, advances in milling technology, particularly the invention of steel rolling mills, drove the old mill out of business. The derelict mill was restored by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1934–1943, and was opened to the public as a working historic site in 1951.</p><br>
<p>As DuPage County became urbanized in the second half of the 20th century, the mill&#39;s surroundings lost their agricultural context. The mill building itself, however, was honored as a survivor from Illinois post-frontier years. The Graue Mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and was recognized as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark in 1981. The mill has been periodically re-restored since 1943 to keep it in operating condition, including work completed in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Graue Mill is located at 3800 S. York Road, on the banks of Salt Creek in Oak Brook, Illinois, and is surrounded by Fullersburg woods. It is currently open to the public; check the Graue Mill and Museum website for dates and times of operation.</p><br>
<p>The Graue Mill is also nearby to Salt Creek Trail, a trail that follows the path of Salt Creek from Itasca to Brookfield.</p><br>
<p>Recognizing the water quality and habitat impairments caused by run of the river dams, the DuPage River Salt Creek Workgroup and Forest Preserve District of DuPage County retained Hey to complete design and permitting necessary to implement the Master Plan for Salt Creek at Fullersburg Woods. The project includes removing a 6’ tall by 120’ wide dam in its entirety and restoring 1.5 miles of riffles, pools, and floodplain wetlands. Additional project enhancements include motorizing the Graue Mill water wheel (grinding stones in the mill will continue to be powered by an existing electric motor), a pump system to provide water in the mill’s sluiceway, waterproofing a floodwall near the Fullersburg Nature Center, and several scenic overlooks. An improved trail connection below the York Road bridge over Salt Creek and canoe/kayak launch was also designed for a related project.</p><br>
<p>Dam removal was completed in December 2023, and ecological restoration work is on track to be completed by the end of 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomington Central Business District is a historic district in downtown Bloomington, Illinois. The district includes roughly twelve square blocks of the city and encompasses 140 buildings, 118 of which are contributing buildings to the districts historic character. The 1901 McLean County Courthouse, the center of government of McLean County, is the focal point of the district. The other buildings in the district were built between 1842 and 1942 and are primarily commercial. The Miller-Davis Law Buildings, two of the oldest buildings in the district, were built in 1843 and represent the early period of Bloomingtons development. Bloomington&#39;s commercial core grew rapidly during the 1850s and 1860s after two railroads opened in the city; while the 1854 Gridley Bank is the only surviving pre-1857 building from this period, several more remain from the later part of the boom. The city continued to grow, and its business district continued to expand, from 1860 until 1900; however, a fire destroyed much of its downtown in 1900. Several buildings in the district date from the rebuilding period of the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The David Davis III & IV House is a site on the National Register of Historic Places located in the county seat of McLean County, Illinois, Bloomington. The home was added to the register in 1982 due to its affiliation with the descendants of 19th century USA Supreme Court justice and Bloomington native David Davis, namely Illinois state senator David Davis IV. The house is not only listed on the National Register but it is also a contributing property to the local Davis-Jefferson Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The East Grove Street District is a residential historic district located on the 400 through 700 blocks of East Grove Street in Bloomington, Illinois. The district includes 43 houses and apartment buildings, 25 of which are considered contributing buildings. The houses in the district were built between 1855 and 1915 for many of Bloomington&#39;s upper middle class residents. Due to a building boom between 1880 and 1900, the then-popular Queen Anne style is the most prevalent in the district. Other popular architectural styles in the district include Greek Revival homes from the 1850s, Italianate homes built between 1860 and 1880, and Arts and Crafts homes built in the 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Cox House is a historic house located at 701 E. Grove St. in Bloomington, Illinois. It is considered a particularly fine example of the residential work of architect George H. Miller.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George H. Cox was secretary-treasurer and general manager of the Hungarian Roller Mill Company. The company was owned by his brother Thomas. Cox also co-owned a flour mill with William Hasenwinkle. He served on the board of the Corn Belt Bank. Architect George H. Miller designed the home in 1886 in the Queen Anne style. Cox had a close association with Miller, who designed the Corn Belt Bank. Miller also designed the Bruner building for Cox&#39;s in-laws. J. H. McGregor was selected as contractor for the $20,000 house. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 14, 1985. It is also a contributing property of the East Grove Street District.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The houses front entrance is located within a circular porch supported by turned columns; the porchs roof is topped by a small balcony. An octagonal tower with stained glass windows and a bell-shaped dome is located behind the porch. A second-floor balcony with a mock half-timbered gable is partially hidden behind the right side of the tower. A small octagonal dormer, also featuring stained glass windows, is located to the left of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The George H. Miller House is a historic house located at 405 W. Market St. in Bloomington, Illinois. Prominent local architect George H. Miller built the house in 1890 for himself and his family. Miller designed many new buildings in downtown Bloomington after a 1900 fire destroyed much of the area; he also served as Superintendent of USA Buildings and designed many federal buildings in the Midwest. Millers house is an eclectic variation on the Queen Anne design. The house features a hexagonal tower on its southeast corner and a conical dormer projecting from the front of the multi-component roof. The front entrance is arched and flanked by columns; small recessed porches are located above the entrance and on the east side of the house. The house has several stained glass windows, including a window with Millers name at the front entrance and a large circular window on the west side.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The John M. Hamilton House is a historic house located at 502 South Clayton Street in Bloomington, Illinois. John Marshall Hamilton, who served as governor of Illinois from 1883 to 1885, lived in the house prior to becoming governor. The house was built circa 1872 by fur trader James Clark, who sold the property to Hamilton in 1873. Hamilton&#39;s state political service began while he lived in the house, as he was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1876; he served in the senate for four years and became president pro tem in 1879. In 1881, Hamilton was elected lieutenant governor under Shelby Moore Cullom; when Cullom became a USA Senator, Hamilton assumed the governorship. Hamilton left his house upon taking office and never returned to Bloomington.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 6, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Miller–Davis Law Buildings, known commonly as the Miller Davis Building, are located on Main and Front Street in the McLean County, Illinois city of Bloomington. The law offices served future Supreme Court Justice David Davis and future Illinois State Senator Asahel Gridley. The buildings became a gathering place for local lawyers such as Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Even before the construction of the Miller–Davis Law Buildings in Bloomington, Illinois, the street corner of Main and Front Streets were a popular political rallying point. Stephen A. Douglas and David Davis debated Congressional elections here in 1840. The Miller–Davis Law Buildings were the second and third brick buildings in Bloomington, completed in 1843. Future Illinois Treasurer James T. Miller, a local businessman and land speculator, financed their construction. James Goodheart, William T. H. Miller and Squire Lawrence were tasked with its construction. They are the oldest buildings in the Bloomington Central Business District and the only examples of non-residential 1840s architecture in McLean County.</p><br>
<p>The offices buildings were used by some the state&#39;s most prominent lawyers. The first floor of the Miller building was used as a pharmacy while the second floor was used as law offices. David Davis financed an addition to this building for his own purposes. He practiced law here until he was named to the Illinois Circuit Courts in 1848. Asahel Gridley and John M. Scott practiced in the Miller offices starting in 1848. Among the lawyers known to have met with Davis, Scott, and Gridley are Joshua R. and Jesse W. Fell, William W. Orme, Ward Hill Lamon, James T. Miller, Leonard Swett, Stephen A. Douglas, and Abraham Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Greenlee House is a historic house located at 806 N. Evans St. in Bloomington, Illinois. Contractor Robert Greenlee built the house circa 1884 for himself and his family. The house has a Queen Anne design topped by a hipped roof with cross gables. A dormer above the attic extends from a second-story front window; the dormer and window are decorated with Eastlake spindlework and bracketing. A tall stained glass window on the north facade features a central rose window and surrounding geometric panes, a pattern fitting both the Queen Anne and Eastlake styles. The cornice and front porch include dragon-shaped bracketing, a decorative element taken from Anglo-Japanese architecture; an Anglo-Japanese influence can also be seen in the roof&#39;s pagoda-style curvature.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 7, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Ruben M. Benjamin House is a house in Bloomington, Illinois. It is a two-story rectangular building, styled in the Classical Revival architectural motif. It was built in 1856 John L. Routt, who would become the first governor of Colorado. Ruben M. Benjamin, an attorney known for litigation relating to railroad regulation, lived in the home for more than 60 years. The United States National Register of Historic Places added the Ruben M. Benjamin House in August 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was constructed in 1856 by John L. Routt. It is the only home in Bloomington that can be definitively attributed to Routt.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The home is cast in the Classical Revival architectural style. The house was built by Routt, who later became the first governor of the state of Colorado. The front of the house and the end of its gabled roof face East Grove Street to the south. The second story features three rectangular windows, with a circular window gracing the gable end at the third floor attic. At its front and back ends, the roof is supported by shallow wooden brackets. The double front door has a small flat roof overhanging it, and the west side of the house features a bay window.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 20, 1982. Though the structure is listed on the National Register independently, it is included within the boundaries of the East Grove Street Historic District. The house is considered a contributing property to the historic district, which was added to the National Register in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The historic significance of the home is in its association with Ruben M. Benjamin, who lived in it for more than 60 years until his death in 1917. Benjamin was raised in Chatham Center, Columbia County, New York. He graduated from Kinderhook Academy and then Amherst College and eventually attended Harvard law school for a year. He ended up in Bloomington in 1856. When Benjamin passed the bar exam in 1856, Abraham Lincoln served as his examiner. After passing the bar, Benjamin married and practiced law with various Bloomington lawyers, such as Asahel Gridley and Thomas F. Tipton. In 1869, Benjamin was elected to the Illinois state constitutional convention, where he distinguished himself as a leader. During the convention Benjamin strongly advocated language allowing the regulation of the freight industry. The clauses he supported were included in Article XI of the Illinois Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin soon put the new constitution to the test. In 1872, he filed quo warranto proceedings against the Chicago and Alton Railroad, demanding their charter be revoked because they were charging rates which seemed unfair. The Chicago and Alton Railroad&#39;s rate structure charged US$5.65 to haul of lumber from Chicago to Lexington but charged 65 cents less for a longer trip from Chicago to Bloomington. As a result, lower courts ruled that the state could regulate the rate structures of railroads, later the Supreme Court of the United States overturned the ruling on the grounds that some rate discrimination may prove justifiable. During the process of their decision, the Supreme Court made it clear that states did indeed have the right to regulate the rates of railroads and, by implication, the right to regulate other companies.</p><br>
<p>The Scott–Vrooman House is a historic home in Bloomington, Illinois. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It was the site of speeches from Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1869 by Eli Barber. Due to his wife&#39;s death, he never lived in the home. He sold the completed home to Matthew T. and Julia Green Scott who moved in sometime in 1872. They had two daughters: Letitia and Julia Scott Vrooman who later married Carl Schurz Vrooman. Matthew died in 1891. In 1900, Julia Green Scott worked with architect Arthur Pillsbury to design an addition for the home which included the parlor, foyer, north facing porch and stained-glass windows. The house was also used a hospital during the Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919.</p><br>
<p>Julia Green Scott died in 1923. Her daughter Julia Scott Vrooman continued to live in the home with her husband Carl. During World War II, they sectioned off the third floor of the house as apartments for soldiers and their families. After Julia Scott Vrooman&#39;s death, most of the contents of the home were sold at public auction and donated. The historic home then had two subsequent owners who used it as their private residence until it was purchased in 1995 and turned into a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>The Scott Family</h2><br>
<p>Matthew T. Scott was a significant local businessman and developer who helped found the town of Chenoa, Illinois in 1855. His family had purchased large amounts of land in both Ohio and Illinois in the 1830s, including in Chenoa, IL. This land was particularly valuable because two railroads, the Chicago and Alton and the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw, intersected there.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Scott helped found the town of Chenoa in 1855 as an agricultural and commercial center for his business activities. He soon began buying thousands of acres of land and eventually accumulated over 45,000 acres of land in Illinois, Iowa, and Tennessee. He used funds from the sale of land to develop the best of his land holdings: 5,000 acres of land in northern McLean County and southern Livingston County. This land was prairie and very fertile and favorable to growing corn.</p><br>
<p>In 1867, Matthew T Scott founded the McLean County Coal Company with Adlai E. Stevenson I, who married Julia Green Scotts sister Letitia. McLean County Coal Company was the most successful coal mine in McLean County, and was later run by Julia Green Scott after Matthews death. Though Matthew and Julia lived in Chenoa at the beginning of their marriage, they moved to Springfield, Illinois in 1870 before settling in Bloomington in 1872.</p><br>
<p>After Matthews death in 1891, Julia became a prominent businesswoman and community leader; her accomplishments included serving as president of the McLean County Coal Company. The couples daughter, Julia Scott Vrooman, married Carl Schurz Vrooman, who was Assistant Secretary of Agriculture under President Woodrow Wilson.</p><br>
<h2>The Green Family</h2><br>
<p>Julia Green Scott was born on February 14, 1839, in Danville, Kentucky. She was the daughter or Presbyterian Reverend Lewis W. Green (1806–1863), the head of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, and Mary Peachy Fry, a descendant of surveyor and adventurer Joshua Fry. She was a direct decent from the family of George Washington on both sides.Her great-grandfather was James Speed, a captain in the Revolutionary War. She attended a finishing school in New York. With her connections to the revolutionary war, her and her sister played an integral role in the early growth of the National Society of the Daughters of the Revolution. Julia served as the 7th National president of NSDAR from 1909 to 1913, while her sister Letitia was the 3rd president of the organization.</p><br>
<p>Julia&#39;s younger sister, Letitia Green Stevenson,(1843-1913) married Adlai Ewing Stevenson I, who served as the Vice President of the United States to President Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>After Matthew Scott&#39;s death in 1891, Julia Green Scott took charge of managing 10,000 acres of farmland in Illinois and Indiana as well as being the principal stockholder, and eventually president, of the McLean County Coal Company. As one of the largest landowners in IL with 10,000 acres of farmland and an advocate of conservation, Julia sent 40 of her tenant farmers to the University of Illinois College of Agriculture to acquaint them with new and advanced methods in farming. It was a huge success for the farmers as well as the university. Her activity with NSDAR continued, where she was president of the War Relief Committee for the N.S.D.A.R. during World War I. She led the crusade to raise money for the benefit of French war orphans. Her efforts were acknowledged in 1921 when the French ambassador, M. Jusserand, presented Julia with The Medal of French Gratitude of the First Class in recognition of her work raising money to rehabilitate the French town of Tilloloy and the adoption of 4,000 war orphans. This was the last time Julia Scott appeared in public. Julia Green Scott died in 1923.</p><br>
<h2>The Vrooman Family</h2><br>
<p>Julia Scott Vrooman, the second daughter of Julia Green Scott and Matthew T. Scott, was born in 1876 at the Scott-Vrooman house. She grew up in the home, and in 1894 while traveling in Europe, she met Carl Schurz Vrooman (1872-1966). On December 28, 1896, Carl and Julia were wed at the home of her sister Letitia Scott Bromwell in St. Louis, Missouri. They returned to Europe in 1897 and spent a great deal of time traveling through Switzerland, France, and Germany. They never had any children. Both known for their writing, Julia and Carl co-authored a book on travel titled The Lure and Lore of Travel (1914), which gained some public attention.</p><br>
<p>Julia, who was very interested and active in philanthropic work, decided that she wanted to help with the war effort more she was on the home front. She wanted to get directly involved in war work in Europe and decided to accompany Carl on his forthcoming trip to Europe. Carl was being sent to Europe by President Wilson as a member of a special Presidential Commission whose goal was to help solve the agricultural problems of the Allied nations during World War I. Beginning on August 23, 1918, until late 1919, she worked for the Young Men&#39;s Christian Association (YMCA) with American soldiers at the front. As part of her work with the Y.M.C.A., Julia formed a jazz band of soldiers of the American army of occupation in Europe to entertain and improve the morale of the troops in France, Germany, and Belgium. After the performances, she would frequently hold a dinner for the soldiers where she and her band entertained. She often provided the food from her own supplies or bought food with her own money. Julia would also hold “cocoa parties” to help Illinois soldiers fight against homesickness. For her efforts to keep the troops’ morale high during the war, in 1921 Julia was made an honorary member of the John H. Kraus Post of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in Bloomington.</p><br>
<p>The couple had a very deep religious faith and were active members of Second Presbyterian Church in Bloomington. Carl was a member of the original Lions Club of Bloomington, an honorary vice-president for life of the McLean County Historical Society. He belonged to the Masons and the Order of the Eastern Star, was elected president of the Community Players Theater in 1923, and served as public relations and information chairman of the McLean County chapter of the American Red Cross in 1947, among other things. Julia was an active member of the Federation of Womens Club and was elected president of the 17th District Federation of Womens Clubs in 1922. She also continued her philanthropic work and played the role of hostess during the many parties she and Carl held at their mansion on Taylor Street. She and Carl often opened up their home up to the community. Many formal dances of Illinois Wesleyan University fraternities and sororities and tea parties were held at their home. Together Julia and Carl had many friends, some through his role as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture. This included President Woodrow Wilson & Mrs. Edith Wilson, President Franklin Roosevelt & Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson II, William Jennings Bryan, many European Heads of State, playwright Rachel Crothers, poets Sara Teasdale and Vachel Lindsay. Most of whom dined at the original dining room table which is still in use at the Vrooman Mansion Bed and Breakfast today. Julia was also famous for the ‘Vrooman bread’, which she sent to the Queen of England, Eleanor Roosevelt, and other dignitaries.</p><br>
<p>Julia died at the age of 104. Her will cited 118 beneficiaries of her estate that was estimated as being worth $1.5 million in personal property and $2.75 million in real estate. She was buried next to her husband and other members of her family in Evergreen Memorial Cemetery in Bloomington.</p><br>
<p>Carl Schurz Vrooman (October 25, 1872 - April 8, 1966) attended Washburn College in Topeka, Kansas from about 1890 to 1891. He also studied at Harvard University in Massachusetts for about three years. He then studied abroad at Oxford University in England for a few months. Carl combined his passion for writing, agriculture, science and politics to improve farming, educate farmers and help them run farms as a business. Locally he helped encourage the concept of crop rotation, and used his agricultural knowledge to help during World War I overseas. Carl was the Assistant United States Secretary of Agriculture under Woodrow Wilson and started the victory garden campaign during World War I. This interest in agriculture began through his years as Regent of the Kansas State Agricultural College from 1898 to 1900. His later marriage to Julia Scott brought with it the large Chenoa farm holdings which had been owned by Julias father Matthew. Carl became a manager of some of the Scott land holdings and because of this, delved even further into scientific writings and consulted agricultural experts. He referred to himself as a “dirt farmer” and farmed or managed his mother-in-laws tenant farms throughout the Midwest, especially in McLean County.</p><br>
<p>As the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, one of his first tasks was touring the country as a spokesman for agriculture and promoting the latest research on the topic. Carl believed that farming should be conducted scientifically and just as importantly, as a business. By this he did not simply mean bookkeeping, but felt that farmers needed to organize for both economic and political advantages. He pushed the importance of marketing as the key to the success of agriculture. As a part of this he promoted the Smith-Lever Act (1914) that was meant to help farmers across the nation. It established a national cooperative extension service that extended outreach programs through land grant universities (such as the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana) to educate rural Americans about advances in agricultural practices and technology which would help farmers increase productivity. It also brought the Department of Agriculture in actual personal touch with farmers throughout the country by establishing county offices with local agents that could assist famers with individual problems. In Carl&#39;s opinion, this was “agricultural learning democratized, made practical, and given to farmers of the country without money and without price.”</p><br>
<p>At the same meeting, Carl also explained why farmers of the country needed better credit as badly as they needed agricultural and economic science. He stated that the current banking system in place was built up to satisfy the financial needs of urban communities with little or no special provisions for the needs of the agricultural interests of this country. Farmers needed more than 90 days worth of credit, which was of particularly no use to the “farmer who wants to change his system from grain to livestock.” To Carl, the improvement of agriculture affected everyone and benefited everyone.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Carl urged communities to improve their roads because the “good roads movement is important to our financial well-being, to our pleasure, and of more importance to the standard of civilization.” To Carl, good roads encourage farmers and other rural residents to come into town. And when they come into town, they spend money. With good roads, productivity increases because a farmer bringing his crop to market can take bigger loads (thus making fewer trips), get there quicker, and get back to work. With poor roads, the farmer has to cut down his load, wears out his team, and wastes time. Therefore, it is in the best interest of everyone to improve the roads. Through his travels across the country, Carl learned that there was a need to put the results of the new agricultural research in a language that the typical farmer could understand and apply to his own operations. To meet this need, he published several pamphlets and books aimed at regular farmers in the hopes that it would help them understand the changing technologies and also help them get the most out of their farms. In 1916, he wrote a pamphlet called Grain Farming in the Corn Belt with Live Stock as a Side Line. Methods such as raising livestock, using lime to fertilize the soil, and crop rotation were listed. Vrooman was pretty hard on traditional farmers who simply relied on the weather and planted grain year after year. He accused them of mortgaging the future of their children by their shortsighted ideas. On his own land he demanded that his tenants plant alfalfa as a means of recharging the soil. If they ignored this, they found themselves put off the land. This pamphlet was so simply written and in such demand that nearly one million copies were printed and distributed across the country.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Carl was chosen by the American Farm Bureau to head a relief mission to Europe. He was charged with the collection, processing, and shipment of nearly a million bushels of corn to the starving European nations of Austria, Poland, and Czechoslovakia as a gift from American farmers. For these efforts, the Polish government decorated him.</p><br>
<p>The Stevenson House, located at 1316 E. Washington St. in Bloomington, Illinois, was the boyhood home of Illinois governor and two-time Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson II. Architect Arthur Pillsbury designed the house in 1900 for original owner Lyman Graham. In 1906, six years after Adlai&#39;s birth, the Stevenson family bought the house. Adlai lived in the house through his junior year in high school to attend University High School in nearby Normal, Illinois; he subsequently graduated from the Choate School in Connecticut. He served as governor of Illinois from 1949 to 1953, ran for president on the Democratic ticket in 1952 and 1956, and served as USA Ambassador to the United Nations from 1961 until his death in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Former United States Army Air Force aircraft serial number 41-20124 is a World War II era fully restored Douglas DC-3, owned by a private party and based at Marathon Key, FL. Civil registered as N763A the aircraft has also been operated by the United States Navy with the designation R4D-3 and serial number 05078. The aircraft has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 1, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Manufacture</h2><br>
<p>While this specific C-53 rolled off the assembly line on March 11, 1942, it is one example of 399 such aircraft manufactured by Douglas Aircraft Company of Santa Monica, California. The aircraft was immediately transferred to the US Navy and operated with VU-1 as an R4D-1.</p><br>
<p>The aircraft model, known officially as the "Skytrooper," was produced for the USA Army Air Force as a passenger and light cargo craft prior to and during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The White Building, also known as the Heberling Building, is located in the city of Bloomington, Illinois, United States. Located along Bloomington&#39;s East Douglas Street, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in June 1994 and represents one of the better examples of Commercial style architecture still extant in the city. It was built by Bloomington resident Samuel R. White in 1894–1895 to house his furniture sales company. By 1903 the Heberling Brothers pharmacy and their associated businesses occupied most of the building and the White company had moved its facilities to a nearby location. The White Building is a five-story red brick building which is elaborately windowed and has a three-story connected extension to its west which probably predates it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The White Building was constructed by Bloomington businessman Samuel R. White in 1894–1895. White came to Bloomington in 1870 by way of Huntington, Indiana, at a time when Bloomington was already an economic center with railroads leaving in eight directions from the city. in 1872 White, a building contractor, established himself as an independent contractor and constructed various buildings around the Bloomington and other Illinois cities, including the First Ward School in Bloomington and the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago. In 1873 White founded a coal company and lumber yard. White founded S.R. White Manufacturing in 1878; it eventually became one of Bloomingtons leading manufacturers. The company began manufacturing residential furniture in an old mill located on Bloomingtons Douglas Street but by 1883 they had occupied new facilities (a planing mill and factory across the street) and started to focus on the manufacture of sashes, doors, blinds and finished lumber. Whites company was hit by two fires from 1884 to 1887 and the entrepreneur was forced to rebuild a safer, brick structure. Whites factory was eventually expanded and it became the mill for the furniture store that White founded in 1894–1895 with the completion of the White Building.</p><br>
<p>Upon the buildings completion, the Bloomington Store Fixture Company, a White-owned furniture store, occupied the top three floors of the building, the basement, and the adjoining structure to the west. On the third floor was the companys woodworking machinery, the fourth held an area for machine and bench work, and the fifth floor was utilized for finishing and storage. To the west of the structure the three-story adjacent building was used for lumber storage. That building, historically, has been described as an addition to the White Building in more than one source. However, stoned in window openings on the smaller, three-story west structure indicate that it was constructed prior to the White Building. Regardless the buildings are both historically and architecturally linked. The buildings first two floor were not occupied by Whites furniture company, instead they functioned as spaces for a variety of other businesses. The first floor was occupied by a pharmacy in its northeast corner while the second floor was occupied by Gordon Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of metal oil cans. Somewhere in the building was a blacksmith shop.</p><br>
<p>A 1900 fire in Bloomington destroyed most of the downtown commercial district, though it stopped short of the White Building. In 1903 the Heberling Brothers purchased the pharmacy on the building&#39;s first floor. During the next year the Heberlings moved their own company, Heberling Medicinal and Extract Company, into the building. By 1910, with the Heberlings slowly occupying more and more of the building, the Bloomington Store Fixtures Company moved all operations to the S.R White Manufacturing Company plant, across the street from the White Building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The White Building is a blend of a typical loft construction building and the desire for heightened functionality and safety while offering an aesthetically pleasing design. The building is characterized, like others of its style, by its fenestration. Many of the features of this style are the result of the demands of business and industry.</p><br>
<p>The White Building is a five-story structure with a three-story western extension on the corner southwest corner of Douglas and Prairie Streets in Bloomington. It is located about two blocks east of the downtown Bloomington commercial historic district area. The five-story section of the property is a 112 ft by 70 ft rectangle, while the three-story portion is an offset 80 ft by 50 ft rectangle. The smaller building probably predates the larger White Building, having seen use as a possible livery stable. The smaller building was refashioned as an addition to the White Building shortly after its construction on the five-story structure was completed in 1895.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is timber framed construction, with the posts set 18 ft apart. The exterior walls are load-bearing brick which extends to the building foundation. The windowed masonry basement extends several feet above ground level and the building&#39;s extremely low-pitch roof is not visible from street level. The three-story extension to the west of the White Building is also of timber frame and brick construction. It has a partial fourth-floor extension with a clerestory window.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The White Building is a locally significant example of an industrial Commercial style building. It is the best remaining example of this type and style in the city of Bloomington. There are other examples still extant within the city though they are no longer part of their historical streetscape, mostly obscured by overpasses constructed during the 20th century. Stylistically those buildings are less sophisticated than the White Building and more utilitarian. The White Building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 17, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Matthew T. Scott House is a historic house located in Chenoa, Illinois. Chenoa&#39;s founder Matthew T. Scott and his wife Julia Green once lived in the house. It was built in two parts. The first section of the House was built in 1855, in the form of a true I-House. It is the caretakers living quarters. The second section of the house, the front section, was built in 1863 in the form known as Georgian. The house features 3 period rooms, a Daughters of the American Revolution  room, and a Chenoa room. The house is significant as an example of a home from this time period.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>Mrs. Matthew T. Scott was Julia Green, she survived her husband and became not only a landowner, but a founder and later President of the DAR. Her sister, Letitia Green, married Adlai E. Stevenson I in this house in 1866. Mr. Stevenson was a circuit lawyer, then residing in Metamora, who subsequently became a congressman; served as Postmaster General during President Grover Clevelands first administration (1885–1889), and as the 23rd Vice President of the United States during President Grover Clevelands second administration (1893-1897).</p><br>
<p>The house was often visited by Adlai Ewing Stevenson I and his cousin James Stevenson Ewing, USA minister to Belgium. Adlai Stevenson courted Letitia Green, who was Matthew T. Scott&#39;s sister-in-law. The couple were later married in the house in 1866. Stevenson and Green later had their first child Lewis Green Stevenson in the house in 1868.</p><br>
<p>The house was later bought and restored by Mrs. Elizabeth Stevenson Ives, a great niece of Matthew T. Scott. The House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on February 10, 1983. The Scott House can be found along 1st Avenue in the McLean County, Illinois city of Chenoa.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Village of the Kickapoo is a Kickapoo village site in rural McLean County, Illinois, United States. The village site includes the Warren Bane Site, a defensive fort which was built circa 1750 to protect the village. The village was occupied until 1813, when a U.S Army officer under the command of Zachary Taylor burned the village.</p><br>
<p>The Warren Bane Site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1982. It is one of the sites that has its address restricted by the National Register due to fear of vandalism and looting.</p><br>
<p>The Gildersleeve House was a house located at 108 Broadway in Hudson, Illinois. Settler James T. Gildersleeve built the Greek Revival house for his family in 1836. Gildersleeve founded the village of Hudson and named it after the area of New York where he formerly lived. The house was the villages first frame house and was its finest home in its early years; as a result, it hosted local events and was the villages first post office. Gildersleeve planted five oak trees outside the house; the trees grew together at their base, giving the house the name "Five Oaks". The house was demolished in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 28, 1977, and was delisted in 2020.</p><br>
<p>The Le Roy Commercial Historic District is a commercial historic district in downtown Le Roy, Illinois. The district includes 27 buildings, 25 of which are contributing buildings, on the 100 through 300 blocks of East Center Street and the 100 block of North Chestnut Street; it also includes the Town Park at the west end of East Center Street. The buildings in the district were constructed from 1870 to 1945, Le Roy&#39;s main period of commercial development. Many of the buildings were constructed after serious fires in 1892 and 1907. In addition to its many commercial buildings, the district also the Le Roy Town Hall, a brick building constructed in 1902. The Town Park was intended to be a town square and includes a band pavilion and a statue of Kickapoo chief Osaketa; however, as commercial development mainly spread east from the park, it never occupied a central location in Le Roy.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1996.</p><br>
<p>The John Patton Log Cabin is a log home located in Lexington Park District Park in Lexington, Illinois. The home was built in 1829 by John Patton, an early settler of McLean County. Patton, who was originally from Switzerland County, Indiana, came to a Kickapoo village in the area; he built his cabin with the tribe&#39;s assistance three months after his arrival. After McLean County was incorporated in 1831, the cabin became one of its first polling places. The cabin is now the only surviving early government building in the county as well as the only remnant of European interactions with Native Americans. Members of the community decided to preserve the cabin and worked with The City of Lexington to have the cabin moved to its current location and repaired in 1969. its currently a museum.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 1, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Duncan Manor is a historic house located in rural McLean County, Illinois, near Towanda. The house was built circa 1866 for William R. Duncan, a livestock breeder, who was well respected for his short-horned cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Italianate house features two three-story towers on its northwest facade; the towers feature bracketed cornices on their pyramidal roofs. The main entrance is located between the towers. The southeast side of the house features -story towers topped with ornamental bracketed pediments. The towers flank a two-story entrance porch topped by additional bracketing.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is designed in an H-shape marked by towers, similar to Renaissance design. It is built entirely with bricks from Chicago and has stone trimmings. The central hallway features a hand-carved curving walnut staircase. There is also a trap door in one of the second floor bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1860s</h3><br>
<p>Duncan Manor was built in 1866. William R. Duncan, a livestock breeder well respected for his short-horned cattle, was a native of Kentucky who came to Illinois to recover financially after identifying as a Union Party member during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, Duncan purchased 300 acres and named it "Towanda Meadows".</p><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1979.</p><br>
<h3>2000s</h3><br>
<p>In 2007, the property was listed on Landmarks Illinois’ Most Endangered Historic Places in Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>2010s</h3><br>
<p>In 2016, Duncan Manor was acquired by David and Randi Howell and incorporated as a 501(c)3 nonprofit. When the Howells acquired the property, there was no electricity, HVAC, water, or plumbing. The house had been vandalized when it was vacant. Repairs included the leaking roof, rotting porches, and crumbling walls.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently being restored, as well as reclaiming the surrounding prairie land. Duncan Manor functions as a private residence, but is available for small tours, concerts, weddings, and other community events.</p><br>
<p>The Cedar Crest Addition Historic District is a residential subdivision and historic district in Normal, Illinois. The subdivision is bounded roughly by Division Street to the south, Highland Avenue to the north, Fell Avenue to the west, and a local recreation trail, the Constitution Trail, to the east. Developed from 1914 to 1930, Cedar Crest Addition was the first large planned subdivision in Normal. Prior to its construction, Normal lacked paved streets and townwide electrical, sewer, and water systems and was considered more a rural area than a proper suburb of Bloomington. Planner Burt Marley Kuhn and architect Aaron T. Simmons planned the subdivision to be more developed and organized; in particular, it featured tree-lined curvilinear streets inspired by the City Beautiful movement. Simmons designed many of the houses in the district in the then-popular American Craftsman style, another modern addition to Normal. The subdivision gave Normal a much more modern reputation, and a local historian called it "one of the most important additions ever made to Normal" in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2006.</p><br>
<p>John W. Cook Hall, or Cook Hall, is a building that resembles a castle on the Quad of Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. Cook Hall, named for the university&#39;s fourth president, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since the winter of 1986.</p><br>
<p>Cook Hall is one of "Altgeld&#39;s castles": it was designed toward the end of the administration of Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld. Altgeld was a German native who favored Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>First proposed as a dormitory by Richard Edwards during his presidency at Illinois State University, the building was not approved until 1895. Opened in 1897, design elements for the building were changed, and its overall purpose shifted to that of a gymnasium. The building, called "Gymnasium" also held the University Library. Renamed "John Cook Hall" in 1936, it was eventually converted for other uses as larger gyms were constructed on campus. It currently houses the School of Music.</p><br>
<p>The Havana Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 201 W. Adams St. in Havana, Illinois. The library was built in 1902 to house Havanas library program, which began in 1896 and was previously kept in a room of the city hall. The buildings construction was funded by an $8,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation as well as a local library tax. The blond brick building was designed in the Classical Revival style. The front of the building features four bays separated by five Ionic pilasters, an asymmetrical pedimented entrance, and a stepped parapet atop the entrance bay.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake Site is an archaeological site located in Sand Ridge State Park 6.5 mi from Manito, Illinois. The site was occupied for the majority of the period from 500 B.C. to 1500 A.D. cultures which have occupied the site include the Early Woodland, Havana Hopewell, and Mississippian. The site consists of a village area and two burial mounds. University of Chicago archaeologists conducted the first excavations at the site in 1932. Significant further excavations were conducted by George and Ethel Schoenbeck of the Peoria Academy of Science; the couple recovered 24,000 pottery shards from the site which represent every pottery type found in Central Illinois. The Illinois State Museum, which received all artifacts recovered by the Schoenbecks, conducted its own excavations at the site in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Waugh House, also known as the Sparland Octagonal House, is located in the Marshall County village of Sparland, Illinois, on a steep hillside overlooking the Illinois River. The house has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 1978. The house was built by Robert Waugh, on land purchased for the sum of 25 dollars. It is the only site in Marshall County listed in the Register. It is a private residence and has "pie-shaped rooms around a central spiral staircase".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Waugh was born in Selkirkshire, Scotland in 1838 and immigrated to the United States in 1850. He settled in Marshall County, Illinois in 1853. In 1870, Waugh opened a dry goods store on Ferry Street in the town of Sparland. Waugh initially lived in the apartment above his store. In 1886, he purchased a property and commissioned an octagon house. It is uncertain why Waugh chose this relatively obscure style, although it is possible that he was aware of another octagon house approximately 10 mi southeast of Sparland. Marshall moved in upon its completion in 1887 and lived there until 1913. At this point, Waugh&#39;s business partner, Andrew Aitchison, purchased the property. The house remained in the Aitchison family until 1973. As of 1978, it was one of only ten remaining octagon houses in Illinois; the Waugh House is the only remaining one made of brick. Furthermore, the Waugh House is one of the few that is unaltered since completion. On October 4, 1978, the house was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Waugh House is a two and a half story octagonal house. The red brick house sits on a coursed limestone foundation. All eight facades are 16 ft long. The roof is low pitched and has three gabled dormers. The main facade faces east toward School Street and has a single-story hexagonal porch. The porch has six doric order columns and a simple balustrade. The adjacent facades (northeast and southeast) feature a first-story three-windowed bay. Above these bays are a grouped pair of double hung windows. The other five facades have two-over-two double hung windows. All windows have stone stills and have a shallow brick arch. The house is relatively simple and lacks ornamentation.</p><br>
